105 research outputs found

    Antimicrobial Usages and Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal Escherichia coli From Veal Calves in France: Evolution During the Fattening Process

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    Extended-Spectrum-Cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Enterobacteriaceae have widely spread in all settings worldwide. In animals, Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producers have been frequently identified in veal calves. The objectives of this study were to investigate the trends in the ESBL load and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) proportions, and antimicrobial usages (AMU) in veal calves during the fattening process. Ten fattening farms were selected and 50 animals per farm were sampled. AMR was assessed in bacteria from the dominant flora (collected on non-selective MacConckey agar) and in ESBL/AmpC-carrying bacteria from the subdominant flora (selected on ChromID ESBL selective plates) upon arrival and 5–6 months later before slaughter. The number and types of treatments during fattening were also collected. Rates of ESBL-producing E. coli from the subdominant flora significantly decreased in all farms (arrival: 67.7%; departure: 20.4%) whereas rates of multidrug-resistant E. coli from the dominant flora have significantly increased (arrival: 60.2%; departure: 67.2%; p = 0.025). CTX-M-1 was the most frequently identified ESBL enzyme (arrival: 59.3%; departure: 52.0%). The plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene was also identified occasionally. In parallel, levels of resistances to non-critically important antimicrobials were already high upon arrival but have still further increased over time until slaughter. Our study also highlighted that if only ESBL-producing isolates were monitored, it might have led to a partial (and partly false) picture of AMR rates globally decreasing during the fattening period. The mean number of antimicrobial treatments per calf (NTPC) was 8.75 but no association between AMU and AMR was evidenced. Most ESBL producers were clonally unrelated suggesting multiple sources and not cross-contaminations among calves during transportation. Feeding milk containing antimicrobial residues to veal calves is hypothesized to explain the high ESBL loads in animals at the entrance on farms

    Toxicity of CeO2 nanoparticles on a freshwater experimental trophic chain: A study in environmentally relevant conditions through the use of mesocosms

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    The toxicity of CeO2 NPs on an experimental freshwater ecosystem was studied in mesocosm, with a focus being placed on the higher trophic level, i.e. the carnivorous amphibian species Pleurodeles waltl. The system comprised species at three trophic levels: (i) bacteria, fungi and diatoms, (ii) Chironomus riparius larvae as primary consumers and (iii) Pleurodeles larvae as secondary consumers. NP contamination consisted of repeated additions of CeO2 NPs over 4 weeks, to obtain a final concentration of 1 mg/L. NPs were found to settle and accumulate in the sediment. No effects were observed on litter decomposition or associated fungal biomass. Changes in bacterial communities were observed from the third week of NP contamination. Morphological changes in CeO2 NPs were observed at the end of the experiment. No toxicity was recorded in chironomids, despite substantial NP accumulation (265.8±14.1mg Ce/kg). Mortality (35.3±6.8%) and a mean Ce concentration of 13.5±3.9mg/kg were reported for Pleurodeles. Parallel experiments were performed on Pleurodeles to determine toxicity pathways: no toxicity was observed by direct or dietary exposures, although Ce concentrations almost reached 100 mg/kg. In view of these results, various toxicity mechanisms are proposed and discussed. The toxicity observed on Pleurodeles in mesocosm may be indirect, due to microorganism’s interaction with CeO2 NPs, or NP dissolution could have occurred in mesocosm due to the structural complexity of the biological environment, resulting in toxicity to Pleurodeles. This study strongly supports the importance of ecotoxicological assessment of NPs under environmentally relevant conditions, using complex biological systems

    Thymus-specific serine protease contributes to the diversification of the functional endogenous CD4 T cell receptor repertoire

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    Thymus-specific serine protease expression in stromal as well as hematopoietic cells in the thymus is needed for diversification of the endogenous repertoire of TCRs specific for a particular protein antigen

    Efficacy of a combination of imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 2.5% spot-on (AdvocateÂź for dogs) in the prevention of canine spirocercosis (Spirocerca lupi)

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    The nematode Spirocerca lupi is a major canine parasite in warm regions of the world, classically causing parasitic nodules in the esophagus, aortic aneurysms, and spondylitis. This study evaluated the preventive efficacy of monthly treatment with imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 2.5% spot-on (AdvocateÂź for dogs) administered over a period of 9 months in young dogs naturally exposed to S. lupi on RĂ©union island. One hundred and twelve puppies, aged from 2.0 to 4.0 months and with a negative spirocerca fecal examination at inclusion, completed the study. They were randomly allocated to two groups. Group A puppies (n = 58) received nine spot-on treatments with AdvocateÂź at the minimum dose of 2.5 mg moxidectin/kg bw at monthly intervals. Control group B puppies (n = 54) received no treatment for S. lupi. During the study, regular clinical and fecal examinations were performed, as was final upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy showed that 19 dogs from group B had spirocerca nodules, corresponding to a prevalence of 35.2% in dogs aged 12 to 14 months. In contrast, only one dog from group A had a nodule, corresponding to a preventive efficacy of 94.7% (p < 0.0001). None of the 378 fecal examinations were positive for spirocerca. This study confirms a high prevalence of canine spirocercosis on RĂ©union and shows that infestation occurs in very young puppies. Furthermore, it demonstrates that monthly spot-on administration of a combination of imidacloprid 10%/moxidectin 2.5% (AdvocateÂź for dogs) in puppies starting at the age of 2 to 4 months achieves effective and safe prevention of canine spirocercosis

    A large scale hearing loss screen reveals an extensive unexplored genetic landscape for auditory dysfunction

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    The developmental and physiological complexity of the auditory system is likely reflected in the underlying set of genes involved in auditory function. In humans, over 150 non-syndromic loci have been identified, and there are more than 400 human genetic syndromes with a hearing loss component. Over 100 non-syndromic hearing loss genes have been identified in mouse and human, but we remain ignorant of the full extent of the genetic landscape involved in auditory dysfunction. As part of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium, we undertook a hearing loss screen in a cohort of 3006 mouse knockout strains. In total, we identify 67 candidate hearing loss genes. We detect known hearing loss genes, but the vast majority, 52, of the candidate genes were novel. Our analysis reveals a large and unexplored genetic landscape involved with auditory function

    Cyclocarbopalladations 4-exo-dig et 5-exo-dig : une solution expéditive vers la complexité moléculaire ?

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    Les rĂ©actions de catalyse au palladium appliquĂ©es en synthĂšse organique sont loin d’avoir Ă©tĂ© totalement explorĂ©es. L’utilisation de stratĂ©gies de cyclisation palladocatalysĂ©e pour Ă©laborer de nouveaux squelettes carbonĂ©s polycycliques, et ceci de maniĂšre rĂ©giosĂ©lective et stĂ©rĂ©osĂ©lective, s’est avĂ©rĂ©e trĂšs efficace par le passĂ©. Les rĂ©actions de cyclisations intramolĂ©culaires, qui conduisent Ă  l’attaque de triples liaisons par ces espĂšces organopalladiĂ©es, sont d’une efficacitĂ© redoutable. Dans la majoritĂ© des cas, l’initialisation des rĂ©actions par cyclocarbopalladation de type de 5-exo-dig, 6-exo-dig, 7-exo-dig, sont terminĂ©es par le couplage direct d’espĂšces organomĂ©talliques ou de nuclĂ©ophiles. Au cours de cette Ă©tude, nous avons entrepris le dĂ©veloppement de nouvelles mĂ©thodologies de cyclocarbopalladation en partant de substrats trĂšs simples. Les principales investigations ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es sur la rĂ©action tandem de cyclocarbopalladation 4-exo-dig et 5-exo-dig. Nos travaux initiaux se sont focalisĂ©s sur la rĂ©action tandem de cyclocarbopalladation 4-exo-dig suivi d’un couplage de Stille pour obtenir des cyclobutanes polyfonctionnalisĂ©s retrouvĂ©s dans un grand nombre de substances biologiques. Les Ă©tendues de cette rĂ©action et ses limites ont Ă©tĂ© ensuite entreprises avec succĂšs. D’autres approches ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©es afin d’ajouter un Ă©lĂ©ment Ă  la sĂ©quence rĂ©actionnelle. Il est tout Ă  fait possible de commencer par la cyclocarbopalladation 4-exo-dig et de terminer par un couplage de Suzuki ou une rĂ©action de Heck intramolĂ©culaire. En parallĂšle, et aux vues des rĂ©sultats antĂ©rieurs sur la cyclocarbopalladation 5-exo-dig, nous avons combinĂ© cette derniĂšre avec une activation CH aromatique. Au dĂ©part des diols ÎČ-bromo propargyliques aromatiques, des produits de substitution aromatique ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus. La migration 1,5 du palladium par activation CH explique de tels rĂ©sultats sans prĂ©cĂ©dent dans la littĂ©rature. Une recherche de ses limites et de ses Ă©tendues a permis de dĂ©couvrir la substrat-dĂ©pendance de cette rĂ©action.The design and elaboration of complex molecules from simple starting material in the minimum of operations is today one of the most challenging goal in organic synthesis. The need of the discovery of new methodologies is necessary. Towards this end, the use of transition metal-catalyzed processes has become a powerful tool for the construction of sensitive and functionalized polycyclic molecules. In particular, the cyclocarbopalladation has emerged as a potentially general and versatile synthetic method for the preparation of complex polycyclic systems, in a one-pot operation. Palladium catalyzed multistep cascades are especially noteworthy in terms of atom economy, stereocontrol and overall efficiency. Moreover, it is used to form carbon-carbon bond that would be much more difficult even impossible to build with conventional organic reagent alone. The potential of the palladium catalyzed process has not yet been fully explored. In this context, we report herein our investigations in the study of an unprecedented cascade reaction involving a 4-exo-dig and a 5-exo-dig cyclocarbopalladation. Our initial studies recently focused on a rare 4-exo-dig cyclocarbopalladation through a palladium catalysis using stannylated reagents as the terminating trapping species. The scope and limitations have been explored. Considering the results obtained with the 5-exo-dig cyclocarbopalladation, our attention next focused on an aromatic CH activation processing. Starting from ÎČ-bromo-propargylics diols, new compounds with an aromatic substitution have been formed. The formation of these products resulted from a 1,5 palladium shift by CH activation. Scope and limitations have been also explored and we discovered that the regioselectivity of final vinylic stannane partner is totally dependent of the substrate. This studies has been completed by a theoretical part for understanding the mecanism of the reaction

    Cyclocarbopalladations 4-exo-dig and 5-exo-dig,an expeditions solution toward molecular complexity ?

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    Les réactions de catalyse au palladium appliquées en synthÚse organique sont loin d'avoir été totalement explorées. L'utilisation de stratégies de cyclisation palladocatalysée pour élaborer de nouveaux squelettes carbonés polycycliques, et ceci de maniÚre régiosélective et stéréosélective, s'est avérée trÚs efficace par le passé. Les réactions de cyclisations intramoléculaires, qui conduisent à l'attaque de triples liaisons par ces espÚces organopalladiées, sont d'une efficacité redoutable. Dans la majorité des cas, l'initialisation des réactions par cyclocarbopalladation de type de 5-exo-dig, 6-exo-dig, 7-exo-dig, sont terminées par le couplage direct d'espÚces organométalliques ou de nucléophiles. Au cours de cette étude, nous avons entrepris le développement de nouvelles méthodologies de cyclocarbopalladation en partant de substrats trÚs simples. Les principales investigations ont été effectuées sur la réaction tandem de cyclocarbopalladation 4-exo-dig et 5-exo-dig. Nos travaux initiaux se sont focalisés sur la réaction tandem de cyclocarbopalladation 4-exo-dig suivi d'un couplage de Stille pour obtenir des cyclobutanes polyfonctionnalisés retrouvés dans un grand nombre de substances biologiques. Les étendues de cette réaction et ses limites ont été ensuite entreprises avec succÚs. D autres approches ont été considérées afin d'ajouter un élément à la séquence réactionnelle. Il est tout à fait possible de commencer par la cyclocarbopalladation 4-exo-dig et de terminer par un couplage de Suzuki ou une réaction de Heck intramoléculaire. En parallÚle, et aux vues des résultats antérieurs sur la cyclocarbopalladation 5-exo-dig, nous avons combiné cette derniÚre avec une activation CH aromatique. Au départ des diols b-bromo propargyliques aromatiques, des produits de substitution aromatique ont été obtenus. La migration 1,5 du palladium par activation CH explique de tels résultats sans précédent dans la littérature. Une recherche de ses limites et de ses étendues a permis de découvrir la substrat-dépendance de cette réaction.Pas de résum

    New Procedures for Catalytic Carbophilic Activation by Gold and Gallium π-Acids

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    International audienc

    Cyclocarbopalladations 4-exo-dig et 5-exo-dig (une solution expéditive vers la complexité moléculaire ?)

    No full text
    Les réactions de catalyse au palladium appliquées en synthÚse organique sont loin d avoir été totalement explorées. L utilisation de stratégies de cyclisation palladocatalysée pour élaborer de nouveaux squelettes carbonés polycycliques, et ceci de maniÚre régiosélective et stéréosélective, s est avérée trÚs efficace par le passé. Les réactions de cyclisations intramoléculaires, qui conduisent à l attaque de triples liaisons par ces espÚces organopalladiées, sont d une efficacité redoutable. Dans la majorité des cas, l initialisation des réactions par cyclocarbopalladation de type de 5-exo-dig, 6-exo-dig, 7-exo-dig, sont terminées par le couplage direct d espÚces organométalliques ou de nucléophiles. Au cours de cette étude, nous avons entrepris le développement de nouvelles méthodologies de cyclocarbopalladation en partant de substrats trÚs simples. Les principales investigations ont été effectuées sur la réaction tandem de cyclocarbopalladation 4-exo-dig et 5-exo-dig. Nos travaux initiaux se sont focalisés sur la réaction tandem de cyclocarbopalladation 4-exo-dig suivi d un couplage de Stille pour obtenir des cyclobutanes polyfonctionnalisés retrouvés dans un grand nombre de substances biologiques. Les étendues de cette réaction et ses limites ont été ensuite entreprises avec succÚs. D autres approches ont été considérées afin d ajouter un élément à la séquence réactionnelle. Il est tout à fait possible de commencer par la cyclocarbopalladation 4-exo-dig et de terminer par un couplage de Suzuki ou une réaction de Heck intramoléculaire. En parallÚle, et aux vues des résultats antérieurs sur la cyclocarbopalladation 5-exo-dig, nous avons combiné cette derniÚre avec une activation CH aromatique. Au départ des diols b-bromo propargyliques aromatiques, des produits de substitution aromatique ont été obtenus. La migration 1,5 du palladium par activation CH explique de tels résultats sans précédent dans la littérature. Une recherche de ses limites et de ses étendues a permis de découvrir la substrat-dépendance de cette réaction.STRASBOURG-Sc. et Techniques (674822102) / SudocSudocFranceF
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