9,593 research outputs found
Electron-magnon scattering in elementary ferromagnets from first principles: lifetime broadening and band anomalies
We study the electron-magnon scattering in bulk Fe, Co, and Ni within the
framework of many-body perturbation theory implemented in the full-potential
linearized augmented-plane-wave method. To this end, a -dependent
self-energy ( self-energy) describing the scattering of electrons and
magnons is constructed from the solution of a Bethe-Salpeter equation for the
two-particle (electron-hole) Green function, in which single-particle Stoner
and collective spin-wave excitations (magnons) are treated on the same footing.
Partial self-consistency is achieved by the alignment of the chemical
potentials. The resulting renormalized electronic band structures exhibit
strong spin-dependent lifetime effects close to the Fermi energy, which are
strongest in Fe. The renormalization can give rise to a loss of quasiparticle
character close to the Fermi energy, which we attribute to electron scattering
with spatially extended spin waves. This scattering is also responsible for
dispersion anomalies in conduction bands of iron and for the formation of
satellite bands in nickel. Furthermore, we find a band anomaly at a binding
energy of 1.5~eV in iron, which results from a coupling of the quasihole with
single-particle excitations that form a peak in the Stoner continuum. This band
anomaly was recently observed in photoemission experiments. On the theory side,
we show that the contribution of the Goldstone mode to the self-energy is
expected to (nearly) vanish in the long-wavelength limit. We also present an
in-depth discussion about the possible violation of causality when an
incomplete subset of self-energy diagrams is chosen
Novel approaches in professional education to foster innovation in the chemical industry
Fostering innovation in the chemical industry demands a new approach to the competencies required by employees. To succeed in innovation processes, competencies are needed that transcend the mere scientific knowledge in chemistry: skills are needed to work in teams in a transdisciplinary manner in order to generate new ideas. Moreover, these skills will enable employees to exploit innovations that exist at the interface with other disciplines and industries. However, how can such competencies be trained and fostered? This article addresses competencies that are crucial to cross-industry and interdisciplinary innovation processes. Furthermore, it outlines principles for developing competencies through professional educational activities and provides both practical examples and domains for further researc
Field dependent collision frequency of the two-dimensional driven random Lorentz gas
In the field-driven, thermostatted Lorentz gas the collision frequency
increases with the magnitude of the applied field due to long-time
correlations. We study this effect with computer simulations and confirm the
presence of non-analytic terms in the field dependence of the collision
frequency as predicted by kinetic theory.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev.
Effects of P300-based BCI use on reported presence in a virtual environment
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are becoming more and more popular as an input device for virtual worlds and computer games. Depending on their function, a major drawback is the mental workload associated with their use and there is significant effort and training required to effectively control them. In this paper, we present two studies assessing how mental workload of a P300-based BCI affects participants" reported sense of presence in a virtual environment (VE). In the first study, we employ a BCI exploiting the P300 event-related potential (ERP) that allows control of over 200 items in a virtual apartment. In the second study, the BCI is replaced by a gaze-based selection method coupled with wand navigation. In both studies, overall performance is measured and individual presence scores are assessed by means of a short questionnaire. The results suggest that there is no immediate benefit for visualizing events in the VE triggered by the BCI and that no learning about the layout of the virtual space takes place. In order to alleviate this, we propose that future P300-based BCIs in VR are set up so as require users to make some inference about the virtual space so that they become aware of it,which is likely to lead to higher reported presence
Implications of Hyperon Pairing for Cooling of Neutron Stars
The implications of hyperon pairing for the thermal evolution of neutron
stars containing hyperons are investigated. The outcome of cooling simulations
are compared for neutron star models composed only of nucleons and leptons,
models including hyperons, and models including pairing of hyperons. We show
that lambda and neutron pairing suppresses all possible fast neutrino emission
processes in not too massive neutron stars. The inclusion of lambda pairing
yields better agreement with X-ray observations of pulsars. Particularly, the
surface temperatures deduced from X-ray observations within the hydrogen
atmosphere model are more consistent with the thermal history of neutron stars
containing hyperons, if the critical temperature for the onset of lambda and
nucleon pairing is not too small.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures. To be published in ApJL. The postscript and
additional tables can be found at
http://www.physik.uni-muenchen.de/sektion/suessmann/astro/cool/schaab.089
Long-acting injectable versus daily oral antipsychotic treatment trials in schizophrenia: pragmatic versus explanatory study designs
Trial design characteristics related to the explanatory:pragmatic spectrum may contribute toward the inconsistent results reported in studies comparing long-acting injectable (LAI) versus daily oral antipsychotic (AP) treatments in schizophrenia. A novel approach examined the hypothesis that a more pragmatic design is important to show the advantages of LAI versus oral APs. A literature search identified comparative studies assessing the clinical efficacy/effectiveness of LAI versus oral APs in more than 100 schizophrenia patients, with 6-month or more duration/follow-up, and published between January 1993 and December 2013 (n=11). Each study\u27s design was rated using the six-domain ASPECT-R (A Study Pragmatic:Explanatory Characterization Tool-Rating). Nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum tests compared ratings of studies supporting (n=7) and not supporting (n=4) a LAI advantage. ASPECT-R total and domain scores were significantly higher (more pragmatic) in studies finding a LAI versus oral AP treatment advantage than those that did not. The rank order of this significance among domains was as follows: participant compliance assessment\u27 (P=0.005), medical practice setting/practitioner expertise\u27 (P=0.006), intervention flexibility\u27 (P=0.007), follow-up intensity/duration\u27 (P=0.009), primary trial outcomes\u27 (P=0.012), and participant eligibility\u27 (P=0.015). Findings support that more pragmatic, less explanatory design features are important to show advantages for LAI treatment. Explanatory studies may introduce features that obscure advantages related to adherence
Lamb Shift of Laser-Dressed Atomic States
We discuss radiative corrections to an atomic two-level system subject to an
intense driving laser field. It is shown that the Lamb shift of the
laser-dressed states, which are the natural state basis of the combined
atom-laser system, cannot be explained in terms of the Lamb shift received by
the atomic bare states which is usually observed in spectroscopic experiments.
In the final part, we propose an experimental scheme to measure these
corrections based on the incoherent resonance fluorescence spectrum of the
driven atom.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, submitted for publicatio
Local Thermal Equilibrium in Quantum Field Theory on Flat and Curved Spacetimes
The existence of local thermal equilibrium (LTE) states for quantum field
theory in the sense of Buchholz, Ojima and Roos is discussed in a
model-independent setting. It is shown that for spaces of finitely many
independent thermal observables there always exist states which are in LTE in
any compact region of Minkowski spacetime. Furthermore, LTE states in curved
spacetime are discussed and it is observed that the original definition of LTE
on curved backgrounds given by Buchholz and Schlemmer needs to be modified.
Under an assumption related to certain unboundedness properties of the
pointlike thermal observables, existence of states which are in LTE at a given
point in curved spacetime is established. The assumption is discussed for the
sets of thermal observables for the free scalar field considered by Schlemmer
and Verch.Comment: 16 pages, some minor changes and clarifications; section 4 has been
shortened as some unnecessary constructions have been remove
Flexible generation of correlated photon pairs in different frequency ranges
The feasibility to generate correlated photon pairs at variable frequencies
is investigated. For this purpose, we consider the interaction of an
off-resonant laser field with a two-level system possessing broken inversion
symmetry. We show that the system generates non-classical photon pairs
exhibiting strong intensity-intensity correlations. The intensity of the
applied laser tunes the degree of correlation while the detuning controls the
frequency of one of the photons which can be in the THz-domain. Furthermore, we
observe the violation of a Cauchy-Schwarz inequality characterizing these
photons.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Bayesian multi-model projection of climate: bias assumptions and interannual variability
Current climate change projections are based on comprehensive multi-model ensembles of global and regional climate simulations. Application of this information to impact studies requires a combined probabilistic estimate taking into account the different models and their performance under current climatic conditions. Here we present a Bayesian statistical model for the distribution of seasonal mean surface temperatures for control and scenario periods. The model combines observational data for the control period with the output of regional climate models (RCMs) driven by different global climate models (GCMs). The proposed Bayesian methodology addresses seasonal mean temperatures and considers both changes in mean temperature and interannual variability. In addition, unlike previous studies, our methodology explicitly considers model biases that are allowed to be time-dependent (i.e. change between control and scenario period). More specifically, the model considers additive and multiplicative model biases for each RCM and introduces two plausible assumptions ("constant bias” and "constant relationship”) about extrapolating the biases from the control to the scenario period. The resulting identifiability problem is resolved by using informative priors for the bias changes. A sensitivity analysis illustrates the role of the informative prior. As an example, we present results for Alpine winter and summer temperatures for control (1961-1990) and scenario periods (2071-2100) under the SRES A2 greenhouse gas scenario. For winter, both bias assumptions yield a comparable mean warming of 3.5-3.6°C. For summer, the two different assumptions have a strong influence on the probabilistic prediction of mean warming, which amounts to 5.4°C and 3.4°C for the "constant bias” and "constant relation” assumptions, respectively. Analysis shows that the underlying reason for this large uncertainty is due to the overestimation of summer interannual variability in all models considered. Our results show the necessity to consider potential bias changes when projecting climate under an emission scenario. Further work is needed to determine how bias information can be exploited for this tas
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