Terdiurnal signatures in midlatitude sporadic E layers occurrence rates

Global Positioning System radio occultation measurements by the FORMOsa SATellite mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate satellites were used to analyse the behaviour of the signature of the terdiurnal tide in sporadic E (ES) layers at midlatitudes (43°N – 63°N). According to theory, the occurrence of ES is expected when the vertical zonal wind shear, which is mainly owing to solar tides, is negative. 4-year means, based on 3-monthly running mean zonal means from December 2006 - November 2010, were constructed for the terdiurnal oscillation in the occurrence frequency of ES. Comparison of the results with VHF meteor radar observations of the terdiurnal tide and the 8-hr oscillation in the vertical zonal wind shear at Collm, Germany (51.3°N, 13°E) shows a clear correspondence between the 8-hr Es and wind shear signature.Radiookultationsmessungen auf der Basis von GPS-Messungen der FORMOsa SATellite mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate-Satelliten wurden verwendet, um die Signatur der 8-stündigen Gezeiten in den Auftrittsraten von sporadischen E (Es)-Schichten zu analysieren. Nach der allgemein anerkannten Windscherungstheorie treten Es-Schichten im Bereich negativer vertikaler Windscherung auf, welche in der unteren Thermosphäre hauptsächlich durch solare Gezeiten hervorgerufen werden. Speziell werden hier 4-jährige Mittelwerte saisonal gemittelter Auftrittsraten untersucht um die 8-stündige Signatur zu finden. Ein Vergleich mit Radarmessungen des Windes über Collm zeigt, dass die saisonale und tägliche Variabilität der 8-stündigen Komponente der Es-Raten sehr gut mit derjenigen der gemessenen Windscherung übereinstimmt

Enhanced sporadic E occurrence rates during the Geminid meteor showers 2006-2010

Sporadic E (Es) layer occurrence rates derived from GPS radio occultation measurements during the Geminid meteor showers 2006-2010 are compared with meteor rates obtained with the Collm VHF meteor radar. In most years, Es rates increase after the shower, with a short delay of few days. This indicates a possible link between meteor influx and the production of metallic ions that may form Es. However, the correlation between Es rates and meteor flux varies from year to year, indicating that more processes significantly influence Es occurrence also during meteor showers

Prostaglandin E2 Synthesizing Enzymes in Rheumatoid Arthritis B Cells and the Effects of B Cell Depleting Therapy on Enzyme Expression

Introduction: B cells may play an important role in promoting immune activation in the rheumatoid synovium and can produce prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) when activated. In its turn, PGE(2) formed by cyclooxygenase (COX) and microsomal prostaglandin E-2 synthase 1 (MPGES1) contributes to the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathological process. Therapeutic depletion of B cells results in important improvement in controlling disease activity in rheumatoid patients. Therefore we investigated the expression of PGE(2) pathway enzymes in RA B cells and evaluated the effects of B cell depleting therapy on their expression in RA tissue. Methods: B cells expressing MPGES1 and COX-2 were identified by flow cytometry in in vitro stimulated and control mononuclear cells isolated from synovial fluid and peripheral blood of RA patients. Synovial biopsies were obtained from 24 RA patients before and at two consecutive time points after rituximab therapy. Expression of MPGES1, COX-1 and COX-2, as well as interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6, known inducers of MPGES1, was quantified in immunostained biopsy sections using computerized image analysis. Results: Expression of MPGES1 or COX-2 was significantly upregulated upon stimulation of B cells from blood and synovial fluid while control cells displayed no detectable enzymes. In synovial biopsy sections, the expression of MPGES1, COX-1 or COX-2 was resistant to rituximab therapy at 8 or 16 weeks after start of treatment. Furthermore expression of IL-1 beta in the synovial tissue remained unchanged, while IL-6 tended to decrease after therapy. Conclusions: Therapy with B cell depleting agents, although efficient in achieving good clinical and radiographic response in RA patients, leaves important inflammatory pathways in the rheumatoid synovium essentially unaffecte

Enhanced sporadic E occurrence rates during the Geminid meteor showers 2006-2010

Sporadic E (Es) layer occurrence rates derived from GPS radio occultation measurements during the Geminid meteor showers 2006-2010 are compared with meteor rates obtained with the Collm VHF meteor radar. In most years, Es rates increase after the shower, with a short delay of few days. This indicates a possible link between meteor influx and the production of metallic ions that may form Es. However, the correlation between Es rates and meteor flux varies from year to year, indicating that more processes significantly influence Es occurrence also during meteor showers

Enhanced sporadic E occurrence rates during the Geminid meteor showers 2006-2010

Sporadic E (Es) layer occurrence rates derived from GPS radio occultation measurements during the Geminid meteor showers 2006-2010 are compared with meteor rates obtained with the Collm VHF meteor radar. In most years, Es rates increase after the shower, with a short delay of few days. This indicates a possible link between meteor influx and the production of metallic ions that may form Es. However, the correlation between Es rates and meteor flux varies from year to year, indicating that more processes significantly influence Es occurrence also during meteor showers

Terdiurnal signatures in midlatitude sporadic E layers occurrence rates

Global Positioning System radio occultation measurements by the FORMOsa SATellite mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate satellites were used to analyse the behaviour of the signature of the terdiurnal tide in sporadic E (ES) layers at midlatitudes (43°N – 63°N). According to theory, the occurrence of ES is expected when the vertical zonal wind shear, which is mainly owing to solar tides, is negative. 4-year means, based on 3-monthly running mean zonal means from December 2006 - November 2010, were constructed for the terdiurnal oscillation in the occurrence frequency of ES. Comparison of the results with VHF meteor radar observations of the terdiurnal tide and the 8-hr oscillation in the vertical zonal wind shear at Collm, Germany (51.3°N, 13°E) shows a clear correspondence between the 8-hr Es and wind shear signature.Radiookultationsmessungen auf der Basis von GPS-Messungen der FORMOsa SATellite mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate-Satelliten wurden verwendet, um die Signatur der 8-stündigen Gezeiten in den Auftrittsraten von sporadischen E (Es)-Schichten zu analysieren. Nach der allgemein anerkannten Windscherungstheorie treten Es-Schichten im Bereich negativer vertikaler Windscherung auf, welche in der unteren Thermosphäre hauptsächlich durch solare Gezeiten hervorgerufen werden. Speziell werden hier 4-jährige Mittelwerte saisonal gemittelter Auftrittsraten untersucht um die 8-stündige Signatur zu finden. Ein Vergleich mit Radarmessungen des Windes über Collm zeigt, dass die saisonale und tägliche Variabilität der 8-stündigen Komponente der Es-Raten sehr gut mit derjenigen der gemessenen Windscherung übereinstimmt

Terdiurnal signatures in midlatitude sporadic E layers occurrence rates

Global Positioning System radio occultation measurements by the FORMOsa SATellite mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate satellites were used to analyse the behaviour of the signature of the terdiurnal tide in sporadic E (ES) layers at midlatitudes (43°N – 63°N). According to theory, the occurrence of ES is expected when the vertical zonal wind shear, which is mainly owing to solar tides, is negative. 4-year means, based on 3-monthly running mean zonal means from December 2006 - November 2010, were constructed for the terdiurnal oscillation in the occurrence frequency of ES. Comparison of the results with VHF meteor radar observations of the terdiurnal tide and the 8-hr oscillation in the vertical zonal wind shear at Collm, Germany (51.3°N, 13°E) shows a clear correspondence between the 8-hr Es and wind shear signature.Radiookultationsmessungen auf der Basis von GPS-Messungen der FORMOsa SATellite mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate-Satelliten wurden verwendet, um die Signatur der 8-stündigen Gezeiten in den Auftrittsraten von sporadischen E (Es)-Schichten zu analysieren. Nach der allgemein anerkannten Windscherungstheorie treten Es-Schichten im Bereich negativer vertikaler Windscherung auf, welche in der unteren Thermosphäre hauptsächlich durch solare Gezeiten hervorgerufen werden. Speziell werden hier 4-jährige Mittelwerte saisonal gemittelter Auftrittsraten untersucht um die 8-stündige Signatur zu finden. Ein Vergleich mit Radarmessungen des Windes über Collm zeigt, dass die saisonale und tägliche Variabilität der 8-stündigen Komponente der Es-Raten sehr gut mit derjenigen der gemessenen Windscherung übereinstimmt

Terdiurnal signatures in midlatitude sporadic E layers occurrence rates

Global Positioning System radio occultation measurements by the FORMOsa SATellite mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate satellites were used to analyse the behaviour of the signature of the terdiurnal tide in sporadic E (ES) layers at midlatitudes (43°N – 63°N). According to theory, the occurrence of ES is expected when the vertical zonal wind shear, which is mainly owing to solar tides, is negative. 4-year means, based on 3-monthly running mean zonal means from December 2006 - November 2010, were constructed for the terdiurnal oscillation in the occurrence frequency of ES. Comparison of the results with VHF meteor radar observations of the terdiurnal tide and the 8-hr oscillation in the vertical zonal wind shear at Collm, Germany (51.3°N, 13°E) shows a clear correspondence between the 8-hr Es and wind shear signature.Radiookultationsmessungen auf der Basis von GPS-Messungen der FORMOsa SATellite mission-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate-Satelliten wurden verwendet, um die Signatur der 8-stündigen Gezeiten in den Auftrittsraten von sporadischen E (Es)-Schichten zu analysieren. Nach der allgemein anerkannten Windscherungstheorie treten Es-Schichten im Bereich negativer vertikaler Windscherung auf, welche in der unteren Thermosphäre hauptsächlich durch solare Gezeiten hervorgerufen werden. Speziell werden hier 4-jährige Mittelwerte saisonal gemittelter Auftrittsraten untersucht um die 8-stündige Signatur zu finden. Ein Vergleich mit Radarmessungen des Windes über Collm zeigt, dass die saisonale und tägliche Variabilität der 8-stündigen Komponente der Es-Raten sehr gut mit derjenigen der gemessenen Windscherung übereinstimmt