'Fat mass and obesity associated' gene (FTO): No significant association of variant rs9939609 with weight loss in a lifestyle intervention and lipid metabolism markers in German obese children and adolescents

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We have previously identified strong association of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in <it>FTO </it>(fat mass and obesity associated gene) to early onset extreme obesity within the first genome wide association study (GWA) for this phenotype. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the obesity risk allele of one of these SNPs (rs9939609) is associated with weight loss in a lifestyle intervention program. Additionally, we tested for association of rs9939609 alleles with fasting blood parameters indicative of glucose and lipid metabolism.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We initially analysed rs9939609 in a case-control study comprising 519 German overweight and obese children and adolescents and 178 normal weight adults. In 207 of the obese individuals who took part in the outpatient obesity intervention program 'Obeldicks' we further analysed whether carrier status of the obesity risk A-allele of rs9939609 has a differential influence on weight loss after the intervention program. Additionally, we investigated in 480 of the overweight and obese patients whether rs9939609 is associated with fasting blood levels of glucose, triglycerides and HDL and LDL-cholesterol. Genotyping was performed using allele specific polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). For the association study (case-control approach), the Cochran-Armitage trend test was applied. Blood parameters were analysed using commercially available test kits and the log10-transformed blood parameters and changes in BMI-standard deviation scores (BMI-SDS) were analysed by linear regression with sex and age as covariates under an additive mode of inheritance with the rs9939609 A-allele as risk allele.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We confirmed the association of the risk A-allele of rs9939609 with overweight and early onset obesity (one sided p = 0.036). However, we observed no association of rs9939609 alleles with weight loss or fasting levels of blood glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We confirmed the rs9939609 A-allele as a risk factor for early onset obesity whereas its impact on weight loss or on serum levels of glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol could not be detected in our samples.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p><b>This study is registered </b>at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00435734).</p

Produção de compostos com propriedades emulsifictantes por Aspergillus flavus utilizando resíduos agroindustriais

Os biossurfactantes são compostos produzidos por microrganismos aplicáveis em diversos setores industriais devido suas características químicas que possibilitam vantagens em relação aos surfactantes químicos. Porém, a utilização de biossurfactantes microbianos em larga escala ainda encontra desafios em virtude dos altos custos de produção associados aos meios de produção e etapas de purificação. Objetivou-se a produção de biossurfactantes via fermentação em estado sólido através da utilização de resíduos agroindustriais e fontes de nutrientes de baixo custo utilizando Aspergillus flavus. Utilizaram-se delineamentos experimentais para o estudo das fontes de nitrogênio, indutores e suas concentrações nos meios de cultivo. As maiores atividades emulsificantes foram obtidas utilizando farelo de trigo ao invés de soja como componente basal do meio de cultivo utilizando 4% de óleo de soja sem a adição de fonte de nitrogênio

Addition of Spirulina platensis in handmade ice cream: Phisicochemical and sensory effects / Adição de Spirulina platensis em sorvete caseiro: Efeitos físico-químicos e sensoriais

Spirulina microalgae possess proven benefits to health. It presents antioxidants that needs to be protected during the food processes, what can be done using microencapsulation techniques. Besides, the encapsulation could prevent the rejection of the food added of Spirulina due to the seaweed flavor. The aim was to accomplish the microencapsulation of Spirulina in maltodextrin and Arabic gum and evaluate the influence in the physicochemical and sensorial profile of handmade ice cream. The ice cream with Spirulina presented 35% to 53% more proteins in relation to the standard formulation. All ice creams showed an acceptability index superior than 70%. The encapsulation was able to mask the taste of seaweed and seaweed aroma; however, this fact does not lead to a greater acceptability of the ice creams

Produção de Lipases com Atividade de Hidrólise por Aspergillus Utilizando Subprodutos Agroindustriais, Óleo de Soja e Glicerol

Lipases são enzimas aplicáveis a inúmeros setores industriais, podendo ser obtidas de fontes microbianas, a partir de fermentação em estado sólido utilizando matrizes oriundas de resíduos agroindustriais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo produzir lipases com atividade de hidrólise pelo fungo aspergillus utilizando resíduos agroindustriais e estudar a influência da concentração do indutor e da umidade do processo conduzido via fermentação em estado sólido. Foram utilizados dois planejamentos experimentais em sequência, um fatorial completo 32 (com três fungos do gênero aspergillus e três indutores) e outro 22 com dois pontos centrais (com umidade variando entre 60 % e 70 % e concentração de indutor variando entre 0 % e 4 %). as maiores atividades de hidrólise foram obtidas com o fungo aspergillus niger o-4 e com o óleo de soja como indutor, sendo que tanto a umidade quanto a concentração de indutor apresentaram influência significativa na produção de lipases. As maiores atividades de hidrólise, em torno de 25 u/g, foram encontradas nos pontos centrais (65 % de umidade e 2 % de óleo de soja) para 6 dias de fermentação

Two New Loci for Body-Weight Regulation Identified in a Joint Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Early-Onset Extreme Obesity in French and German Study Groups

Meta-analyses of population-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in adults have recently led to the detection of new genetic loci for obesity. Here we aimed to discover additional obesity loci in extremely obese children and adolescents. We also investigated if these results generalize by estimating the effects of these obesity loci in adults and in population-based samples including both children and adults. We jointly analysed two GWAS of 2,258 individuals and followed-up the best, according to lowest p-values, 44 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from 21 genomic regions in 3,141 individuals. After this DISCOVERY step, we explored if the findings derived from the extremely obese children and adolescents (10 SNPs from 5 genomic regions) generalized to (i) the population level and (ii) to adults by genotyping another 31,182 individuals (GENERALIZATION step). Apart from previously identified FTO, MC4R, and TMEM18, we detected two new loci for obesity: one in SDCCAG8 (serologically defined colon cancer antigen 8 gene; p = 1.85610 x 10(-8) in the DISCOVERY step) and one between TNKS (tankyrase, TRF1-interacting ankyrin-related ADP-ribose polymerase gene) and MSRA (methionine sulfoxide reductase A gene; p = 4.84 x 10(-7)), the latter finding being limited to children and adolescents as demonstrated in the GENERALIZATION step. The odds ratios for early-onset obesity were estimated at similar to 1.10 per risk allele for both loci. Interestingly, the TNKS/MSRA locus has recently been found to be associated with adult waist circumference. In summary, we have completed a meta-analysis of two GWAS which both focus on extremely obese children and adolescents and replicated our findings in a large followed-up data set. We observed that genetic variants in or near FTO, MC4R, TMEM18, SDCCAG8, and TNKS/MSRA were robustly associated with early-onset obesity. We conclude that the currently known major common variants related to obesity overlap to a substantial degree between children and adults

Weight Loss after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Obese Patients Heterozygous for MC4R Mutations

BackgroundHeterozygous mutations in melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) are the most frequent genetic cause of obesity. Bariatric surgery is a successful treatment for severe obesity. The mechanisms of weight loss after bariatric surgery are not well understood.MethodsNinety-two patients who had Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery were screened for MC4R mutations. We compared percent excess weight loss (%EWL) in the four MC4R mutation carriers with that of two control groups: 8 matched controls and with the remaining 80 patients who underwent RYGB.ResultsFour patients were heterozygous for functionally significant MC4R mutations. In patients with MC4R mutations, the %EWL after RYGB (66% EWL) was not significantly different compared to matched controls (70% EWL) and non-matched controls (60% EWL) after 1 year of follow-up.ConclusionsThis study suggests that patients with heterozygous MC4R mutations also benefit from RYGB and that weight loss may be independent of the presence of such mutations

Особенности формирования земельных участков под социальные объекты в сельской местности (д. Лоскутово, п. Светлый Томский район)

Процедура формирования земельных участков под объекты социальных нужд имеет важное практическое значение для Томского района. Автором будут рассмотрены основные этапы проектирования и постановки на кадастровый учет таких земельных участков.The procedure for the formation of land for social needs is of great practical importance for the Tomsk region. The author will consider the main stages of designing and setting up cadastral records of such land plots

Lifelong Reduction of LDL-Cholesterol Related to a Common Variant in the LDL-Receptor Gene Decreases the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease—A Mendelian Randomisation Study

Rare mutations of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR) cause familial hypercholesterolemia, which increases the risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). Less is known about the implications of common genetic variation in the LDLR gene regarding the variability of cholesterol levels and risk of CAD.Imputed genotype data at the LDLR locus on 1 644 individuals of a population-based sample were explored for association with LDL-C level. Replication of association with LDL-C level was sought for the most significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the LDLR gene in three European samples comprising 6 642 adults and 533 children. Association of this SNP with CAD was examined in six case-control studies involving more than 15 000 individuals.Each copy of the minor T allele of SNP rs2228671 within LDLR (frequency 11%) was related to a decrease of LDL-C levels by 0.19 mmol/L (95% confidence interval (CI) [0.13-0.24] mmol/L, p = 1.5x10(-10)). This association with LDL-C was uniformly found in children, men, and women of all samples studied. In parallel, the T allele of rs2228671 was associated with a significantly lower risk of CAD (Odds Ratio per copy of the T allele: 0.82, 95% CI [0.76-0.89], p = 2.1x10(-7)). Adjustment for LDL-C levels by logistic regression or Mendelian Randomisation models abolished the significant association between rs2228671 with CAD completely, indicating a functional link between the genetic variant at the LDLR gene locus, change in LDL-C and risk of CAD.A common variant at the LDLR gene locus affects LDL-C levels and, thereby, the risk for CAD