14 research outputs found
Biological effects of carbon black nanoparticles are changed by surface coating with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
BACKGROUND: Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNP) are mainly composed of carbon, with a small amount of other elements (including hydrogen and oxygen). The toxicity of CBNP has been attributed to their large surface area, and through adsorbing intrinsically toxic substances, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). It is not clear whether a PAH surface coating changes the toxicological properties of CBNP by influencing their physicochemical properties, through the specific toxicity of the surface-bound PAH, or by a combination of both. METHODS: Printex(R)90 (P90) was used as CBNP; the comparators were P90 coated with either benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) or 9-nitroanthracene (9NA), and soot from acetylene combustion that bears various PAHs on the surface (AS-PAH). Oxidative stress and IL-8/KC mRNA expression were determined in A549 and bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-, Calu-3), mouse intrapulmonary airways and tracheal epithelial cells. Overall toxicity was tested in a rat inhalation study according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) criteria. Effects on cytochrome monooxygenase (Cyp) mRNA expression, cell viability and mucociliary clearance were determined in acute exposure models using explanted murine trachea. RESULTS: All particles had similar primary particle size, shape, hydrodynamic diameter and zeta-potential. All PAH-containing particles had a comparable specific surface area that was approximately one third that of P90. AS-PAH contained a mixture of PAH with expected higher toxicity than BaP or 9NA. PAH-coating reduced some effects of P90 such as IL-8 mRNA expression and oxidative stress in A549 cells, granulocyte influx in the in vivo OECD experiment, and agglomeration of P90 and mucus release in the murine trachea ex vivo. Furthermore, P90-BaP decreased particle transport speed compared to P90 at 10 mug/ml. In contrast, PAH-coating induced IL-8 mRNA expression in bronchial epithelial cell lines, and Cyp mRNA expression and apoptosis in tracheal epithelial cells. In line with the higher toxicity compared to P90-BaP and P90-9NA, AS-PAH had the strongest biological effects both ex vivo and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that the biological effect of CBNP is determined by a combination of specific surface area and surface-bound PAH, and varies in different target cells
Biological effects of carbon black nanoparticles are changed by surface coating with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
Background. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a relatively new imaging modality,which allows e.g. visualizing the vascular network in biological tissue noninvasively. This tomographic method has an advantage in comparison to pure optical/acoustical methods due to high optical contrast and low acoustic scattering in deep tissue. The common PAT methodology, based on measurements of the acoustic pressure by piezoelectric sensors placed on the tissue surface, limits its practical versatility. A novel, completely non-contact and full-field PAT system is described. In noncontact PAT the measurement of surface displacement induced by the acoustic pressure at the tissue/air border is researched.Objective. To solve a simulation problem of the displacement calculation based on the medium pressure, which consists in deriving a formula for recalculating the pressure in the surface displacement based on the momentum conservation law, developing a simulation technique, and comparing the error of the proposed technique with the earlier used one.Methods. Comparing the experimental data with simulated pressure data in the k-Wave toolbox. The criterion of comparison is the relative quadratic error.Results. The simulation results of the displacement based on a new approach are more consistent with the experimental data than previous. The quadratic error numerical value of the new approach is 18 % and the previous is 71 %.Conclusions. The theoretical features of the surface displacement simulation are investigated and the solution of this problem is proposed based on momentum conservation law. The implementation of the proposed methodology has a four times smaller simulation error compared to the previous technique, so it can be implemented in the non-contact PAT. The residual error can be caused by the properties of the tissue, which are not taken into account in the model, which requires further research.ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π€ΠΎΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ (Π€AT) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ/Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π€ΠΠ’, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π€AT-ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π€ΠΠ’, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡβΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ k-Wave toolbox. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ°.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ 18 %, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ β 71 %.ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°. Π Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π€ΠΠ’. ΠΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ.ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π€ΠΎΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ (Π€AT) Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π°Ρ Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ. Π¦Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π³Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ/Π°ΠΊΡΡΒΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π²Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
. ΠΠ°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π€ΠΠ’, ΡΠΎ Π±Π°Π·ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏβΡΠ·ΠΎΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ. Π£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½Π° Π€AT-ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π€ΠΠ’, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π°βΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. Π ΠΎΠ·Π²βΡΠ·Π°ΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π² Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ Π·Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π· ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π· ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ k-Wave toolbox. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½Π½Ρ β Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ°.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π· ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ. ΠΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ 18 %, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΡ β 71 %.ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. Π£ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²βΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ Π·Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ. Π Π΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π· ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ, ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π€ΠΠ’. ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π° Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠΊΡ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ
Noncontact holographic detection for photoacoustic tomography
A holographic method for high-speed, noncontact photoacoustic tomography is introduced and evaluated. Relative changes of the object's topography, induced by the impact of thermoelastic pressure waves, were determined at nanometer sensitivity without physical contact. The object's surface was illuminated with nanosecond laser pulses and imaged with a high-speed CMOS camera. From two interferograms measured before and after excitation of the acoustic wave, surface displacement was calculated and then used as the basis for a tomographic reconstruction of the initial pressure caused by optical absorption. The holographic detection scheme enables variable sampling rates of the photoacoustic signal of up to 50 MHz. The total acquisition times for complete volumes with 230 MVoxel is far below 1 s. Measurements of silicone and porcine skin tissue phantoms with embedded artificial absorbers, which served as a model for human subcutaneous vascular networks, were possible. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the absorbing structures show details with a diameter of 310 aem up to a depth of 2.5 mm. Theoretical limitations and the experimental sensitivity, as well as the potential for in vivo imaging depending on the detection repetition rate, are analyzed and discussed. (C) 2017 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
Recommended guidelines for pain management programmes
Originally published in Optics Express on 07 September 2015 (oe-23-18-23217
Pre-referral rectal artesunate is no βmagic bulletβ in weak health systems
Abstract Severe malaria is a potentially fatal condition that requires urgent treatment. In a clinical trial, a sub-group of children treated with rectal artesunate (RAS) before being referred to a health facility had an increased chance of survival. We recently published in BMC Medicine results of the CARAMAL Project that did not find the same protective effect of pre-referral RAS implemented at scale under real-world conditions in three African countries. Instead, CARAMAL identified serious health system shortfalls that impacted the entire continuum of care, constraining the effectiveness of RAS. Correspondence to the article criticized the observational study design and the alleged interpretation and consequences of our findings. Here, we clarify that we do not dispute the life-saving potential of RAS, and discuss the methodological criticism. We acknowledge the potential for confounding in observational studies. Nevertheless, the totality of CARAMAL evidence is in full support of our conclusion that the conditions under which RAS can be beneficial were not met in our settings, as children often failed to complete referral and post-referral treatment was inadequate. The criticism did not appear to acknowledge the realities of highly malarious settings documented in detail in the CARAMAL project. Suggesting that trial-demonstrated efficacy is sufficient to warrant large-scale deployment of pre-referral RAS ignores the paramount importance of functioning health systems for its delivery, for completing post-referral treatment, and for achieving complete cure. Presenting RAS as a βmagic bulletβ distracts from the most urgent priority: fixing health systems so they can provide a functioning continuum of care and save the lives of sick children. The data underlying our publication is freely accessible on Zenodo
ΠΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
The authors would like to acknowledge the support of EU financed project: AMMODIT (Approximation Methods for Molecular Modelling and Diagnosis Tools) β Grant Agreement β645672 within HORIZON 2020.ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π€ΠΎΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ (Π€AT) Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π°Ρ Π·ΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ. Π¦Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π³Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ/Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π²Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
. ΠΠ°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π€ΠΠ’, ΡΠΎ Π±Π°Π·ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΏβΡΠ·ΠΎΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ. Π£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½Π° Π€AT-ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΌΡΠ½Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π€ΠΠ’, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½Π°βΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. Π ΠΎΠ·Π²βΡΠ·Π°ΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ³Π°Ρ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π² Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ Π·Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π· ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π· ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΡ k-Wave toolbox. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½Π½Ρ β Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ°.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π· ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ. ΠΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ 18 %, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΡ β 71 %.
ΠΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. Π£ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²βΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ Π·Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ. Π Π΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π· ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ, ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Ρ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π€ΠΠ’. ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π° Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠΊΡ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ.Background. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a relatively new imaging modality,which allows e.g. visualizing the vascular network in biological tissue noninvasively. This tomographic method has an advantage in comparison to pure optical/acoustical methods due to high optical contrast and low acoustic scattering in deep tissue. The common PAT methodology, based on measurements of the acoustic pressure by piezoelectric sensors placed on the tissue surface, limits its practical versatility. A novel, completely non-contact and full-field PAT system is described. In noncontact PAT the measurement of surface displacement induced by the acoustic pressure at the tissue/air border is researched.
Objective. To solve a simulation problem of the displacement calculation based on the medium pressure, which consists in deriving a formula for recalculating the pressure in the surface displacement based on the momentum conservation law, developing a simulation technique, and comparing the error of the proposed technique with the earlier used one.
Methods. Comparing the experimental data with simulated pressure data in the k-Wave toolbox. The criterion of comparison is the relative quadratic error.
Results. The simulation results of the displacement based on a new approach are more consistent with the experimental data than previous. The quadratic error numerical value of the new approach is 18 % and the previous is 71 %.
Conclusions. The theoretical features of the surface displacement simulation are investigated and the solution of this problem is proposed based on momentum conservation law. The implementation of the proposed methodology has a four times smaller simulation error compared to the previous technique, so it can be implemented in the non-contact PAT. The residual error can be caused by the properties of the tissue, which are not taken into account in the model, which requires further research.ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π€ΠΎΡΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ (Π€AT) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ³ΡΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ/Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π€ΠΠ’, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π€AT-ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π€ΠΠ’, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡβΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
.
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ k-Wave toolbox. ΠΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ°.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ 18 %, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ β 71 %.
ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°. Π Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π€ΠΠ’. ΠΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Expression of a cell-cycle-associated nuclear antigen (MIB 1) in cholesteatoma and auditory meatal skin
Sudhoff H, Hildmann H, Fisseler-Eckhoff A, BujΓa J, Holly A, Schulz-Flake C. Expression of a cell-cycle-associated nuclear antigen (MIB 1) in cholesteatoma and auditory meatal skin. The Laryngoscope. 1995;105(11):1227-1231.Middle ear cholesteatoma is often invasive with consequent bone destruction. Inflammatory stimulation of the underlying connective tissue, as well as an autocrine mechanism, may be responsible for the dysβregulation and abnormal proliferative features of the keratinocytes in cholesteatoma. Comparative investigations were performed to assess the epithelial cell kinetics of cholesteatoma and normal auditory meatal skin. Monoclonal antibody MIB 1 immunoβstaining (which recognizes a nuclear antigen expressed by dividing cells) was applied using the alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase imβmunolabeling method.
Specimens of normal auditory meatal skin (n = 7) revealed an average MIB 1 score (quotient of the MIB 1βpositive cells and the total number of cells) of 7.6 Β± 2.2%. Cholesteatoma samples (n = 13) showed an average MIB 1 score of 17.4 Β± 8.9% and a heterogeneity of proliferating epithelial areas. Epithelial cones growing toward the underlying stroma exhibited high mitotic activity. Statistically, the results of this study confirm a highly significant increase in the proliferation rate of cholesteatoma keratinocytes, which had an MIB 1 score that was 2.3 times higher than the score for keratinocytes of normal external auditory meatal skin
Expression of a cell-cycle-associated nuclear antigen (MIB 1) in cholesteatoma and auditory meatal skin
Health worker compliance with severe malaria treatment guidelines in the context of implementing pre-referral rectal artesunate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, and Uganda: An operational study.
BackgroundFor a full treatment course of severe malaria, community-administered pre-referral rectal artesunate (RAS) should be completed by post-referral treatment consisting of an injectable antimalarial and oral artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). This study aimed to assess compliance with this treatment recommendation in children under 5 years.Methods and findingsThis observational study accompanied the implementation of RAS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Nigeria, and Uganda between 2018 and 2020. Antimalarial treatment was assessed during admission in included referral health facilities (RHFs) in children under 5 with a diagnosis of severe malaria. Children were either referred from a community-based provider or directly attending the RHF. RHF data of 7,983 children was analysed for appropriateness of antimalarials; a subsample of 3,449 children was assessed additionally for dosage and method of ACT provision (treatment compliance). A parenteral antimalarial and an ACT were administered to 2.7% (28/1,051) of admitted children in Nigeria, 44.5% (1,211/2,724) in Uganda, and 50.3% (2,117/4,208) in DRC. Children receiving RAS from a community-based provider were more likely to be administered post-referral medication according to the guidelines in DRC (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.13, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.92, P ConclusionsDirectly observed treatment was often incomplete, bearing a high risk for partial parasite clearance and disease recrudescence. Parenteral artesunate not followed up with oral ACT constitutes an artemisinin monotherapy and may favour the selection of resistant parasites. In connection with the finding that pre-referral RAS had no beneficial effect on child survival in the 3 study countries, concerns about an effective continuum of care for children with severe malaria seem justified. Stricter compliance with the WHO severe malaria treatment guidelines is critical to effectively manage this disease and further reduce child mortality.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03568344)