PEMANFAATAN MEDIA BARU DALAM PENGGUNAAN ALTER EGO BAGI PENGGEMAR KOREAN POP (KPOP)

The development of technology and information nowadays is very fast, especially in communication. The use of social media is increasingly mushrooming not only to interact and communicate but also to use social media as a manifestation of other personalities, one of which is what Korean pop (Kpop) fans do. They create a small community with fellow Korean pop idol group (Kpop) fans then use another name or the alter ego of each idol character he idolizes where they can mingle, communicate and even wage war between fans without knowing each other's real personal data because utilize new media to interact with each other. The purpose of this study is to conduct content analysis in what happens to the use of ego- counter accounts via the Twitter social media platform. In addition, the research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach, namely the analysis is carried out by interpreting messages or tweets on the Twitter platform by the alter ego account

PEMANFAATAN MEDIA BARU DALAM PENGGUNAAN ALTER EGO BAGI PENGGEMAR KOREAN POP (KPOP)

The development of technology and information nowadays is very fast, especially in communication. The use of social media is increasingly mushrooming not only to interact and communicate but also to use social media as a manifestation of other personalities, one of which is what Korean pop (Kpop) fans do. They create a small community with fellow Korean pop idol group (Kpop) fans then use another name or the alter ego of each idol character he idolizes where they can mingle, communicate and even wage war between fans without knowing each other's real personal data because utilize new media to interact with each other. The purpose of this study is to conduct content analysis in what happens to the use of ego- counter accounts via the Twitter social media platform. In addition, the research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach, namely the analysis is carried out by interpreting messages or tweets on the Twitter platform by the alter ego account

The impacts of pretreatment on the fermentability of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass: a comparative evaluation between ammonia fiber expansion and dilute acid pretreatment

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Pretreatment chemistry is of central importance due to its impacts on cellulosic biomass processing and biofuels conversion. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) and dilute acid are two promising pretreatments using alkaline and acidic pH that have distinctive differences in pretreatment chemistries.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Comparative evaluation on these two pretreatments reveal that (i) AFEX-pretreated corn stover is significantly more fermentable with respect to cell growth and sugar consumption, (ii) both pretreatments can achieve more than 80% of total sugar yield in the enzymatic hydrolysis of washed pretreated solids, and (iii) while AFEX completely preserves plant carbohydrates, dilute acid pretreatment at 5% solids loading degrades 13% of xylose to byproducts.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The selection of pretreatment will determine the biomass-processing configuration, requirements for hydrolysate conditioning (if any) and fermentation strategy. Through dilute acid pretreatment, the need for hemicellulase in biomass processing is negligible. AFEX-centered cellulosic technology can alleviate fermentation costs through reducing inoculum size and practically eliminating nutrient costs during bioconversion. However, AFEX requires supplemental xylanases as well as cellulase activity. As for long-term sustainability, AFEX has greater potential to diversify products from a cellulosic biorefinery due to lower levels of inhibitor generation and lignin loss.</p

PENGARUH PERENDAMAN HORMON TIROKSIN TERHADAP DAYA TETAS TELUR, PERTUMBUHAN DAN KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP LARVA IKAN MAS KOKI ORANDA (Carassius auratus Linnaeus)

Ikan mas koki oranda (Carassius auratusLinnaeus) adalah jenis mas koki yang sangat terkenal di seluruh dunia karena kecantikannya. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mempercepat derajat penetasan, pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva ikan mas koki oranda yaitu melalui ransangan hormonal dengan penambahan hormon tiroksin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perendaman hormon tiroksin terhadap daya tetas telur, pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva ikan mas koki oranda (Carassiua auratus&nbsp;Linnaeus). Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode RAL dengan perlakuan penggunaan dosis yang berbeda. Perlakuan A (kontrol) tanpa penambahan hormon tiroksin, Perlakuan B dosis 0,1 mg/L, Perlakuan C dosis 0,15 mg/L dan Perlakuan D 0,2 mg/L. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan daya tetas telur ikan mas koki oranda setelah dilakukan perendaman hormon tiroksin memberikan pengaruh sangat nyata (P&lt;0,05)&nbsp;nilai rata-rata tertinggi pada perlakuan D 81.33%, pada tingkat kelulushidupan juga memberikan pengaruh sangat nyata&nbsp;(P&lt;0,05) nilai tertinggi pada perlakuan B 73.70% sedangkan pada laju pertumbuhan spesifik tidak berpengaruh nyata. Nilai&nbsp;kualitas air selama penelitian masih dalam kisaran layak untuk budidaya ikan mas koki oranda

Comparing the fermentation performance of Escherichia coli KO11, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST) and Zymomonas mobilis AX101 for cellulosic ethanol production

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Fermentations using <it>Escherichia coli </it>KO11, <it>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </it>424A(LNH-ST), and <it>Zymomonas mobilis </it>AX101 are compared side-by-side on corn steep liquor (CSL) media and the water extract and enzymatic hydrolysate from ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX)-pretreated corn stover.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The three ethanologens are able produce ethanol from a CSL-supplemented co-fermentation at a metabolic yield, final concentration and rate greater than 0.42 g/g consumed sugars, 40 g/L and 0.7 g/L/h (0-48 h), respectively. Xylose-only fermentation of the tested ethanologenic bacteria are five to eight times faster than 424A(LNH-ST) in the CSL fermentation.</p> <p>All tested strains grow and co-ferment sugars at 15% w/v solids loading equivalent of ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX)-pretreated corn stover water extract. However, both KO11 and 424A(LNH-ST) exhibit higher growth robustness than AX101. In 18% w/w solids loading lignocellulosic hydrolysate from AFEX pretreatment, complete glucose fermentations can be achieved at a rate greater than 0.77 g/L/h. In contrast to results from fermentation in CSL, <it>S. cerevisiae </it>424A(LNH-ST) consumed xylose at the greatest extent and rate in the hydrolysate compared to the bacteria tested.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results confirm that glucose fermentations among the tested strains are effective even at high solids loading (18% by weight). However, xylose consumption in the lignocellulosic hydrolysate is the major bottleneck affecting overall yield, titer or rate of the process. In comparison, <it>Saccharomyces cerevisiae </it>424A(LNH-ST) is the most relevant strains for industrial production for its ability to ferment both glucose and xylose from undetoxified and unsupplemented hydrolysate from AFEX-pretreated corn stover at high yield.</p

Pengolahan Tepung Sagu dengan Fermentasi Aerobik menggunakan Rhizopus sp.

Tepung sagu dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif untuk mensubsitusi kebutuhan tepung terigu di Indonesia. Hal ini didorong oleh kebutuhan tepung terigu yang semakin tinggi dalam industri pangan. Sementara itu, untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut Indonesia harus mengimpor gandum yang tidak dapat diproduksi di dalam negeri. Sehingga menimbulkan ketergantungan komoditi pangan terhadap negara lain. Sagu dipilih karena Indonesia memiliki hutan sagu terluas di dunia yakni seluas 1,2 juta hektar (ha) atau setara dengan 52% dari areal sagu dunia. Berdasarkan hasil uji proksimat, kandungan protein tepung sagu adalah 1,11 %, sedangkan protein tepung sagu yang difermentasi meningkat sebanyak lima sampai delapan kali. Menurut SNI 3751:2009, komposisi proksimat tepung terigu memiliki kadar protein minimal 7,0%, kadar air maksimal 14,5%, dan kadar abu maksimal 0,6%. Sedangkan, proksimat sagu setelah fermentasi secara aerob memiliki kadar protein 8,0%, kadar air 13,41%, dan kadar abu 0,35%. Sehingga berdasarkan data komposisi proksimat tersebut, tepung sagu memiliki potensi untuk menjadi alternatif tepung terigu, baik sebagai bahan subsitusi maupun bahan yang digunakan bersamaan dengan tepung terigu dalam pembuatan berbagai macam pengolahan pangan. Pabrik sagu ini akan didirikan di Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir, Provinsi Riau. Riau merupakan daerah penghasil sagu terbanyak di Indonesia dengan angka produksi mencapai 246.000 ton per tahun. Proses pembuatan tepung sagu dengan proses fermentasi dibagi menjadi 3 tahapan, yaitu tahap pengolahan bahan baku, fermentasi, dan pengolahan produk. Pabrik pengolahan tepung sagu ini direncanakan beroperasi secara semi-kontinyu selama 24 jam dengan waktu produksi 330 hari/tahun. Berdasarkan analisa ekonomi yang telah dilakukan diperoleh internal rate of return sebesar 31% dengan pay out time selama 3,39 tahun dan break even point sebesar 21,54%. Ditinjau dari uraian di atas, maka secara teknis dan ekonomis, pabrik pengolahan tepung sagu layak untuk didirikan

Urinary chemerin as a potential biomarker for inflammatory bowel disease

Purpose: Systemic levels of the adipokine chemerin are elevated in different inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In IBD, chemerin protein expression in colon mucosa is induced and serum chemerin levels are increased. Aim of this study was to identify chemerin protein in human feces and/or urine and to evaluate a possible association with IBD activity. Materials and methods: Feces and urine of 40 patients with IBD and the respective sera of 34 patients were collected. Chemerin levels were analyzed by immunoblot in feces and urine samples. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure chemerin in all urine, feces and serum samples of the patients and in urine of 17 healthy controls. Results: Chemerin was not detectable in 80% of the human feces samples by ELISA. Chemerin in human urine was detected by immunoblot and ELISA. Compared to serum levels, urinary concentration was about 6,000-fold lower. Urinary chemerin did not differ between patients with ulcerative colitis (n = 15) and Crohn’s disease (n = 25). Urinary chemerin was not related to its serum levels, did not correlate with serum C-reactive protein level and negatively correlated with serum creatinine. Of note, urinary chemerin of patients with a fecal calprotectin > 500 μg/g was significantly higher compared to patients with lower calprotectin levels and compared to healthy controls. Serum creatinine did not differ between the patient groups. Conclusion: Urinary chemerin might present a novel non-invasive biomarker for monitoring IBD severity and clinical course

Fecal short chain fatty acids and urinary 3-indoxyl sulfate do not discriminate between patients with Crohn´s disease and ulcerative colitis and are not of diagnostic utility for predicting disease severity

Background Urinary 3-indoxyl sulfate levels as well as fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations are surrogate markers for gut microbiota diversity. Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a disease closely associated with IBD, have decreased microbiome diversity. In this paper, the fecal SCFAs propionate, acetate, butyrate and isobutyrate of patients with IBD and patients with PSC-IBD and urinary 3-indoxyl sulfate of IBD patients were determined to study associations with disease etiology and severity. Methods SCFA levels in feces of 64 IBD patients and 20 PSC-IBD patients were quantified by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Urinary 3-indoxyl sulfate levels of 45 of these IBD patients were analysed by means of reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Feces of 17 healthy controls and urine of 13 of these controls were analyzed in parallel. These cohorts had comparable sex distribution and age. Results Urinary 3-indoxyl sulfate concentrations (normalized to urinary creatinine levels) was increased (P = 0.030) and fecal isobutyrate levels (normalized to dry weight of the stool sample) of IBD patients were decreased (P = 0.035) in comparison to healthy controls. None of the analyzed metabolites differed between patients with Crohn´s disease (CD) and patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Fecal acetate and butyrate positively correlated with fecal calprotectin (P = 0.040 and P = 0.005, respectively) and serum C-reactive protein (P = 0.024 and P = 0.025, respectively) in UC but not CD patients. UC patients with fecal calprotectin levels above 150 µg/g, indicating intestinal inflammatory activity, had higher fecal acetate (P = 0.016), butyrate (P = 0.007) and propionate (P = 0.046) in comparison to patients with fecal calprotectin levels < 50 µg/g. Fecal SCFA levels of PSC-IBD and IBD patients were comparable. Conclusions Current findings suggest that analysis of urinary 3-indoxyl-sulfate as well as fecal SCFAs has no diagnostic value for IBD and PSC-IBD diagnosis or monitoring of disease severity

Altered fecal bile acid composition in active ulcerative colitis

Background Disturbed bile acid homeostasis associated with a rise of primary and a decline of secondary bile acids is a consistent finding in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Whether fecal bile acids may emerge as biomarkers for IBD diagnosis and disease severity is less clear. Our study aimed to identify associations of 18 fecal bile acid species with IBD entity and disease activity. Methods Stool samples of 62 IBD patients and 17 controls were collected. Eighteen fecal bile acid species were quantified by LC–MS/MS using stable isotope dilution. Lipid levels normalized to a dry weight of the fecal homogenates and ratios of single bile acid species to total bile acid levels were used for calculations. Results IBD patients exhibited altered primary and secondary bile acid ratios in stool, with notable distinctions between ulcerative colitis (UC) compared to Crohn’s disease (CD) and healthy controls. Fecal calprotectin was negatively correlated with glycolithocholic acid (GLCA) and hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) in UC. These bile acids were reduced in stool of UC patients with fecal calprotectin levels > 500 µg/g compared to UC patients with low calprotectin levels. Moreover, negative associations of six secondary bile acids with C-reactive protein (CRP) existed in UC. In CD patients, fecal bile acids did not correlate with CRP or fecal calprotectin. Diarrhoea is common in IBD, and UC patients with diarrhoea had reduced deoxycholic acid (DCA), glycine conjugated DCA (GDCA) and lithocholic acid in stool in contrast to patients with normal stool consistency. Fecal bile acid levels were not associated with diarrhoea in CD patients. UC patients treated with mesalazine had increased levels of fecal GDCA whereas no such changes were observed in CD patients. Bile acid levels of CD and UC patients treated with biologicals or corticosteroids did not change. Relative levels of GHDCA (specificity: 79%, sensitivity: 67%) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (specificity: 74%, sensitivity: 63%) were the most specific to distinguish UC from CD. Conclusion Disrupted fecal bile acid homeostasis is associated with disease severity and disease symptoms in UC but not in CD, potentially aiding in distinguishing IBD subtypes and classifying the pathophysiology of diarrhoea in UC