Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet

Vitamin K2 is a collection of isoprenologues that mostly originate from bacterial synthesis, also called menaquinones (MKs). Multiple bacterial species used as starter cultures for food fermentation are known to synthesize MK. Therefore, fermented food is the best source of vitamin K2. In the Western diet, dairy products are one of the best known and most commonly consumed group of fermented products

Homogénéisation de l'écoulement dans une cellule de Hele-Shaw et caractérisation par µPIV en champ large

Dans les capteurs biologiques basés sur la microfluidique, l'analyte d'intérêt est en général amené en contact avec une surface fonctionnalisée où il est capturé. Cette surface est ensuite analysée par mesure optique (SPR...) ou acoustique (QCM...), permettant ainsi de quantifier précisément les analytes présents dans le liquide. Notre groupe développe des capteurs acoustiques à base de membranes résonantes couplées qui sont agencées en matrice pour augmenter la sensibilité du capteur. Cette architecture nécessite l'utilisation d'une grande chambre d'analyse, de l'ordre de 1cmx1cm, où les écoulements doivent être contrôlés pour garantir une bonne homogénéité des débits sur l'ensemble de la surface du capteur lors de l'insertion ou du renouvellement des fluides dans la cavité. On limite ainsi les écarts de traitement lors des réactions de fonctionnalisation, de capture, d'inactivation ou encore lors des étapes de nettoyage de la surface de capture. Il est dès lors nécessaire de concevoir des puces microfluidiques où la géométrie et les caractéristiques des fluides permettent un écoulement homogène sans zone morte ou zone de recirculation au sein de la chambre. Ainsi nous avons étudié différentes géométries de canaux d'entrée et de sortie dans une chambre microfluidique de grande surface et de faible profondeur, à travers des simulations par éléments finis en 2D et par le développement d'un banc expérimental de caractérisation d'écoulements. Pour minimiser le volume de l'échantillon à analyser et pour faciliter la diffusion des bio-analytes vers la surface d'interaction, nous avons fixé la hauteur de la chambre à 80µm. Dans ces conditions, nous nous plaçons dans un régime d'écoulement laminaire et la cavité microfluidique peut être assimilée à une cellule de Hele-Shaw de 1cm x 1cm de côté. La simulation des écoulements par éléments finis de ces structures a été faite sous COMSOL en utilisant le modèle laminaire 2D avec approximation de faible profondeur, qui correspond bien à l'écoulement de Hele-Shaw. Nous avons étudié 5 configurations différentes en faisant varier le nombre et l'espacement des canaux d'alimentation (1 entrée/1 sortie, 16 entrées/1 sortie, 16 entrées/16 sorties) et la géométrie de la chambre (carrée, losange, bézier). L'objectif de vitesse moyenne dans la chambre était de 200µm/s et l'uniformité de l'écoulement a été évaluée en observant le profil de vitesse dans différentes sections. Pour l'étude expérimentale, les dispositifs microfluidiques ont été réalisés par microfabrication en salle blanche. Les canaux fluidiques et la chambre sont structurés dans un substrat de silicium par gravure chimique KOH puis la chambre est refermée par collage anodique d'un substrat de verre autorisant l'observation optique.  La mesure expérimentale des vitesses d'écoulement a demandé de concevoir un nouveau banc de µPIV permettant l'observation sur un champ d'un cm², tout en visualisant, en lumière blanche, des particules de faible taille. Ces particules en mélamine ont un diamètre de 920 nm pour répondre aux contraintes de sédimentation et de non modification des écoulements. La mesure locale du champ de vitesse est obtenue par corrélation entre des paires d'images espacées de 50ms, puis en faisant une moyenne sur 100 paires d'image. Nous présenterons dans l'exposé la comparaison entre les résultats expérimentaux et numériques pour les différentes chambres étudiées, qui montrent que l'on peut améliorer, en fonction de la configuration de la chambre, l'homogénéité des écoulements d'un facteur d'environ 5 sur 80% de la section

The NutriChip project - translating technology into nutritional knowledge

Advances in food transformation have dramatically increased the diversity of products on the market and, consequently, exposed consumers to a complex spectrum of bioactive nutrients whose potential risks and benefits have mostly not been confidently demonstrated. Therefore, tools are needed to efficiently screen products for selected physiological properties before they enter the market. NutriChip is an interdisciplinary modular project funded by the Swiss programme Nano-Tera, which groups scientists from several areas of research with the aim of developing analytical strategies that will enable functional screening of foods. The project focuses on postprandial inflammatory stress, which potentially contributes to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. The first module of the NutriChip project is composed of three in vitro biochemical steps that mimic the digestion process, intestinal absorption, and subsequent modulation of immune cells by the bioavailable nutrients. The second module is a miniaturised form of the first module (gut-on-a-chip) that integrates a microfluidic-based cell co-culture system and super-resolution imaging technologies to provide a physiologically relevant fluid flow environment and allows sensitive real-time analysis of the products screened in vitro. The third module aims at validating the in vitro screening model by assessing the nutritional properties of selected food products in humans. Because of the immunomodulatory properties of milk as well as its amenability to technological transformation, dairy products have been selected as model foods. The NutriChip project reflects the opening of food and nutrition sciences to state-of-the-art technologies, a key step in the translation of transdisciplinary knowledge into nutritional advic

A Fluidic Interface with High Flow Uniformity for Reusable Large Area Resonant Biosensors

International audienceResonant biosensors are known for their high accuracy and high level of miniaturization. However, their fabrication costs prevent them from being used as disposable sensors and their effective commercial success will depend on their ability to be reused repeatedly. Accordingly, all the parts of the sensor in contact with the fluid need to tolerate the regenerative process which uses different chemicals (H3PO4, H2SO4 based baths) without degrading the characteristics of the sensor. In this paper, we propose a fluidic interface that can meet these requirements, and control the liquid flow uniformity at the surface of the vibrating area. We study different inlet and outlet channel configurations, estimating their performance using numerical simulations based on finite element method (FEM). The interfaces were fabricated using wet chemical etching on Si, which has all the desirable characteristics for a reusable biosensor circuit. Using a glass cover, we could observe the circulation of liquid near the active surface, and by using micro-particle image velocimetry (μPIV) on large surface area we could verify experimentally the effectiveness of the different designs and compare with simulation results

Comparative analysis of Vibrio splendidus-related strains isolated during Crassostrea gigas mortality events

International audienceFrench mollusc production is based mainly on the Pacific cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Since 1991, annual mass mortality of juveniles has been reported during summer months. These recurring episodes concern professionals who fear that like Portugese oyster, C. angulata, C. gigas could in turn disappear following one of these epizooties. Previously, bacteriological analysis of moribund oyster juveniles yielded an isolate of a Vibrio splendidus biovar II strain, named TNEMF6. This isolate was demonstrated to be pathogenic to Crassostrea gigas spat by experimental challenge. To study the association between summer oyster mortality and presence of TNEMF6 cluster strains, Vibrionaceae fauna were isolated from infected spat along the French Atlantic coast between 1997-1998. Strains related to V. splendidus biovar II were selected. Comparison with TNEMF6 was performed by classical biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of SSU rDNA, rpoD, and gyrB genes. Genomic similarities were confirmed by DNA/DNA hybridization. Only one strain out of 14, TNNIII7, was found to be closely related to the pathogenic bacteria. Neither the phenotypic nor the genotypic markers used in this study were able to distinguish pathogenic from non-pathogenic strains of the widespread V. splendidus. However, future genetic comparisons of TNEMF6 and TNNIII7 is likely to reveal genes involved in pathogenicity

Inflammatory and metabolic responses to high-fat meals with and without dairy products in men

Postprandial inflammation is an important factor for human health since chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with chronic diseases. Dairy products have a weak but significant anti-inflammatory effect on postprandial inflammation. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of a high-fat dairy meal (HFD meal), a high-fat non-dairy meal supplemented with milk (HFM meal) and a high-fat non-dairy control meal (HFC meal) on postprandial inflammatory and metabolic responses in healthy men. A cross-over study was conducted in nineteen male subjects. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, 4 and 6h after consumption of the test meals. Plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, TAG and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at each time point. IL-6, TNF-α and endotoxin concentrations were assessed at baseline and endpoint (6h). Time-dependent curves of these metabolic parameters were plotted, and the net incremental AUC were found to be significantly higher for TAG and lower for CRP after consumption of the HFM meal compared with the HFD meal; however, the HFM and HFD meals were not different from the HFC meal. Alterations in IL-6, TNF-α and endotoxin concentrations were not significantly different between the test meals. The results suggest that full-fat milk and dairy products (cheese and butter) have no significant impact on the inflammatory response to a high-fat mea