Solving finite production rate model with scrap and multiple shipments using algebraic approach

This paper solves a finite production rate (FPR) model with scrap and multiple shipments using an algebraic method. Classic FPR model assumes a continuous inventory issuing policy to satisfy demand and perfect quality production for all items produced. However, in real life vendor-buyer integrated production-inventory system, multiple shipment policy is practically used in lieu of a continuous issuing policy and generation of defective items during production run is inevitable. In this study, it is assumed that all defective items are scrap and the perfect quality items can only be delivered to customers if the whole lot is quality assured at the end of the production run. A conventional approach for solving the FPR model is the use of differential calculus on the long-run average cost function with the need to prove optimality first. This paper demonstrates that optimal lot size and its overall costs for the aforementioned FPR model can be derived without derivatives. As a result, it enables students or practitioners who have little knowledge of calculus to understand and to handle with ease the real-life FPR model

Solving finite production rate model with scrap and multiple shipments using algebraic approach

This paper solves a finite production rate (FPR) model with scrap and multiple shipments using an algebraic method. Classic FPR model assumes a continuous inventory issuing policy to satisfy demand and perfect quality production for all items produced. However, in real life vendor-buyer integrated production-inventory system, multiple shipment policy is practically used in lieu of a continuous issuing policy and generation of defective items during production run is inevitable. In this study, it is assumed that all defective items are scrap and the perfect quality items can only be delivered to customers if the whole lot is quality assured at the end of the production run. A conventional approach for solving the FPR model is the use of differential calculus on the long-run average cost function with the need to prove optimality first. This paper demonstrates that optimal lot size and its overall costs for the aforementioned FPR model can be derived without derivatives. As a result, it enables students or practitioners who have little knowledge of calculus to understand and to handle with ease the real-life FPR model

PGT-Net: Progressive Guided Multi-task Neural Network for Small-area Wet Fingerprint Denoising and Recognition

Fingerprint recognition on mobile devices is an important method for identity verification. However, real fingerprints usually contain sweat and moisture which leads to poor recognition performance. In addition, for rolling out slimmer and thinner phones, technology companies reduce the size of recognition sensors by embedding them with the power button. Therefore, the limited size of fingerprint data also increases the difficulty of recognition. Denoising the small-area wet fingerprint images to clean ones becomes crucial to improve recognition performance. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end trainable progressive guided multi-task neural network (PGT-Net). The PGT-Net includes a shared stage and specific multi-task stages, enabling the network to train binary and non-binary fingerprints sequentially. The binary information is regarded as guidance for output enhancement which is enriched with the ridge and valley details. Moreover, a novel residual scaling mechanism is introduced to stabilize the training process. Experiment results on the FW9395 and FT-lightnoised dataset provided by FocalTech shows that PGT-Net has promising performance on the wet-fingerprint denoising and significantly improves the fingerprint recognition rate (FRR). On the FT-lightnoised dataset, the FRR of fingerprint recognition can be declined from 17.75% to 4.47%. On the FW9395 dataset, the FRR of fingerprint recognition can be declined from 9.45% to 1.09%

結合GBIF與MaxEnt預測臺灣赤楊之適宜生育地

選擇合宜的植物種類是植生復育的關鍵第一步，利用新興的物種分布模擬 (SDM) 將有助於正確選擇樹種及確定適宜生育地以提供科學決策。本文以臺灣赤楊為例，使用免費易得的全球生物多樣性資訊機構(GBIF) 物種資料庫、最大熵 (MaxEnt) 物種分布軟體進行其生育地適宜度分析，結果顯示預測模型之準確度評估屬於良好等級 (AUC = 0.842)，所得之預測出現機率可加以繪製臺灣赤楊之生育地適宜度 (HSI) 分布圖，經9 處崩塌地鄰近區域植群調查資料驗證十分吻合，同時本文對未來物種分布模擬尚待解決之相關議題加以討論，期使本地原生植物在水土保持植生復育中更具科學基礎與發揮其應用潛力。Selecting appropriate species is the first key step for vegetation rehabilitation. Novel species distribution modeling (SDM) can assist in making scientific decisions to support species selection and predict suitable habitat. In this paper, we combine the open-access Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database and MaxEnt modeling software to predict Alnus formorsana distribution. The results reveal that the accuracy assessment of our model is good within an area of 0.842 according to the receiver operating characteristic curve. We transform the predicted occurrence probability, through ArcGIS, to map the habitat suitability index (HSI) of Alnus formorsana that approximately corresponds with the observed vegetation in 9 nearby landslide areas. Based on our findings, we discuss the future challenges related to SDM. The proposed approach can be used in the future to facilitate proper application of native plants in soil and water conservation

The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits

Glycemic traits are used to diagnose and monitor type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic health. To date, most genetic studies of glycemic traits have focused on individuals of European ancestry. Here we aggregated genome-wide association studies comprising up to 281,416 individuals without diabetes (30% non-European ancestry) for whom fasting glucose, 2-h glucose after an oral glucose challenge, glycated hemoglobin and fasting insulin data were available. Trans-ancestry and single-ancestry meta-analyses identified 242 loci (99 novel; P < 5 x 10(-8)), 80% of which had no significant evidence of between-ancestry heterogeneity. Analyses restricted to individuals of European ancestry with equivalent sample size would have led to 24 fewer new loci. Compared with single-ancestry analyses, equivalent-sized trans-ancestry fine-mapping reduced the number of estimated variants in 99% credible sets by a median of 37.5%. Genomic-feature, gene-expression and gene-set analyses revealed distinct biological signatures for each trait, highlighting different underlying biological pathways. Our results increase our understanding of diabetes pathophysiology by using trans-ancestry studies for improved power and resolution. A trans-ancestry meta-analysis of GWAS of glycemic traits in up to 281,416 individuals identifies 99 novel loci, of which one quarter was found due to the multi-ancestry approach, which also improves fine-mapping of credible variant sets.Peer reviewe

The global response: How cities and provinces around the globe tackled Covid-19 outbreaks in 2021

Background: Tackling the spread of COVID-19 remains a crucial part of ending the pandemic. Its highly contagious nature and constant evolution coupled with a relative lack of immunity make the virus difficult to control. For this, various strategies have been proposed and adopted including limiting contact, social isolation, vaccination, contact tracing, etc. However, given the heterogeneity in the enforcement of these strategies and constant fluctuations in the strictness levels of these strategies, it becomes challenging to assess the true impact of these strategies in controlling the spread of COVID-19.Methods: In the present study, we evaluated various transmission control measures that were imposed in 10 global urban cities and provinces in 2021 Bangkok, Gauteng, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, London, Manila City, New Delhi, New York City, Singapore, and Tokyo.Findings: Based on our analysis, we herein propose the population-level Swiss cheese model for the failures and pit-falls in various strategies that each of these cities and provinces had. Furthermore, whilst all the evaluated cities and provinces took a different personalized approach to managing the pandemic, what remained common was dynamic enforcement and monitoring of breaches of each barrier of protection. The measures taken to reinforce the barriers were adjusted continuously based on the evolving epidemiological situation.Interpretation: How an individual city or province handled the pandemic profoundly affected and determined how the entire country handled the pandemic since the chain of transmission needs to be broken at the very grassroot level to achieve nationwide control

Exploring the Potential Distribution of Relic Trochodendron aralioides: An Approach Using Open-Access Resources and Free Software

Trochodendron aralioides Siebold &amp; Zucc. is a relic tree that is discontinuously scattered across the mountainous areas of Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea, but the origin of T. aralioides in South Korea is still unclear and debated. To confirm its distribution and explore its origins, we constructed a streamlined framework to examine potential species distribution using multiple open access data and free and open-source software, as well as employing maximum entropy principles to predict the potential distribution of T. aralioides. The results showed reasonably good discrimination and were used to examine and discuss the explicit distribution of T. aralioides. The potential distribution of T. aralioides in Japan extended from Iriomote Island to approximately 37&deg; N in Honshu on the Pacific Ocean side. In Taiwan, the potential distribution of T. aralioides was more common than in Japan. It occurred at 1500&ndash;3000 m a.s.l. across the Central Mountain Range and decreased toward the northern and southern tips, correlating to the descending pattern of the cloud belt. Thermal and moisture conditions were important factors to determine the distribution of T. aralioides. The potential distribution indicated that Jeju island had high potential as a habitat for T. aralioides, and that may indirectly imply its existence and origins in South Korea, as some researchers have noted

Spatial Distribution and Climate Warming Impact on Abies kawakamii Forest on a Subtropical Island

Species distribution modeling (SDM) is currently the primary tool for predicting suitable habitats for species. In this study, we used Abies kawakamii, a species endemic to Taiwan. Being the only Abies species distributed in high mountains, it acts as an ecological indicator on the subtropical island. We analyzed a vegetation map derived from remote sensing and ground surveys using SDM. The actual distribution of A. kawakamii in Taiwan has a total area of 16,857 ha distributed at an altitude of 2700&ndash;3600 m, and it often forms a monodominant forest at 3100&ndash;3600 m with the higher altitude edge as a forest line. Exploring the potential distribution of A. kawakamii through MaxEnt showed that the suitable habitat was 73,151 ha under the current climate. Under the scenarios of temperature increases of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 &deg;C, suitable habitat for A. kawakamii will gradually decrease to 70.2%, 47.1%, 30.2%, and 10.0% of this area, respectively, indicating that A. kawakamii will greatly decline under these climate warming scenarios. Fire burning disturbance may be the most significant damage to A. kawakamii at present. Although A. kawakamii has been protected by conservation areas and its natural regeneration is in good condition, it rarely has the opportunity to migrate upwards during climate warming. We suggest that in the future, research on the natural regeneration and artificial restoration of A. kawakamii should be emphasized, especially in the forest line ecotone

Importance of Hydrophilic Groups on Modulating the Structural, Mechanical, and Interfacial Properties of Bilayers: A Comparative Molecular Dynamics Study of Phosphatidylcholine and Ion Pair Amphiphile Membranes

An ion pair amphiphile (IPA), a molecular complex composed of two oppositely charged amphiphiles, is a phospholipid mimic which differs from a phospholipid only in the hydrophilic compositions. Here, we utilized molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to compare the bilayer systems composed of phosphatidylcholines (PC) and alkyltrimethylammonium-alkylsulfate IPAs with various alkyl chain lengths. The membrane properties for both liquid-disordered (Ld) and gel (S) phase bilayers were examined via running simulations above and below the main transition temperatures. The electrostatic attraction between the IPA hydrophilic groups leads to a more ordered molecular packing within both S and Ld phase IPA membranes, as revealed by the molecular area, deuterium order parameter, and gauche conformation analyses. Furthermore, IPA bilayers possess a higher area compressibility modulus, molecular tilt modulus, and effective bending rigidity than PC systems. The variation of hydrophilic groups of IPA also leads to fewer hydrogen bonds on the membrane surface and smaller electrostatic potentials for the biomimetic bilayer. The non-covalently linked head groups of IPA further decouple alkyl tilting and surface water retention. The combined results reveal the importance of hydrophilic groups of amphiphiles on modulating the membrane properties, which also provides insights for designs of biomimetic membranes

Applying the Ecoclimatic Indices to Predict the Potential Natural Vegetation of Taiwan

本研究之目的在瞭解臺灣氣候與植群類型的空間分布，藉由地理資訊系統、數值高程模型、地理統計等工具之結合，以空間化製圖來呈現此種複雜的變化，基於氣候–植群分類模型將研究過程分為三部分：(1)氣候亞模型—推估氣候網格空間，並設計生態氣候指標；(2)植群亞模型—確立植群類型，並擬定潛在植群形相分類方案；(3)建構氣候–植群分類模型，並預測潛在自然植群。 為建立氣候亞模型，本研究以檢定全島氣象站之詮釋資料與觀測數據為啟端，聯合時空相關之檢定程序，總計濾除18.7%座標與/或海拔錯誤之測站、0.83%不合理的日均溫及日降水量數據，據此再進行氣候空間推估；經比較協同高程、結合非等向性、結合降趨、迴歸及對數常態化等推估方法，結果顯示迴歸修正克利金法係推估月均溫空間之最佳方法，測站之海拔、座標的複線性迴歸約可解釋95%月均溫的變異，套疊迴歸殘差空間推估網格可再修正局部地區氣溫之變化；對數化克利金法係推估月降水空間之最佳方法，可說明臺灣整體概觀之各月降水分布，明顯可見西南部之冬乾現象。以各月均溫及降水空間為材料，可對現有氣候–植群分類模型進行評估與實繪，結果表明Holdridge模型將臺灣劃分為13種生命帶，而Kira模型於劃分山地植群帶時較為合理，但仍須改善其生態氣候指標，為此，本研究以年溫差修正溫量指標創設溫量修正指標(MWI)，並結合冬半年之溫量指標與降水量創設冬乾指標(WDI)，藉以分別代表環境之熱量境制及水分境制兩種生態氣候指標，MWI及WDI之空間分布圖層亦即本研究之氣候亞模型。 為建立植群亞模型，首先依「整合大量樣區資料，由下而上的低階植相聚類」之途徑，設計建檔程序及轉檔程式，成功整併不同來源之585個樣區資料，但因樣區數目不足且分布不均，分析結果未能顯示出臺灣完整的植群類型；故轉循「預先設定植群類型，由上而下的高階形相分類」之途徑，經參考他國植群分類系統及臺灣、東亞植群分類研究報告，訂定分類原則及架構，提出4階層之潛在植群形相分類方案：(1)寒原、森林2類群系綱；(2)亞寒帶、冷溫帶、涼溫帶、暖溫帶、亞熱帶5類群系亞綱；(3) 8類群系組表徵優勢植群之葉片的物候與形態；(4) 16類群系說明其水分境制及優勢分類群；此方案統一處理了過去各種有關植群劃分之紛岐名制，方案之各階植群類型亦即本研究之植群亞模型。 為達繪製潛在植群圖之最終目標，本研究以MWI及WDI之網格圖層代表氣候亞模型，以潛在植群形相分類方案之各階類型代表植群亞模型，藉由布林分離法聯繫此2亞模型之關係，建構氣候–植群分類模型，並以地理資訊系統繪製出包含群系綱、群系亞綱、群系組、群系之潛在植群圖，首次完整呈現臺灣各階植群類型之空間分布，合理說明了山地植群帶分化、北部植群下降及西南部冬季乾旱等現象，亦整合過去各種有關垂直性山地植群帶狀分化與水平性地理氣候區劃分的複雜意見；另外，本研究將585個樣區林木座標標定於MWI及WDI，繪製36種林木於水熱境制及熱量氣候帶之分布範圍。 本研究為瞭解臺灣氣候及植群類型之空間分布提供一種新的研究途徑與預測架構，同時檢討研究限制並提出改善建議，研究過程所得之氣象資料檢定程序、氣候網格圖層、樣區資料整合程序、植群形相分類方案、生態氣候指標、樹種水熱境制、PNV圖層等成果也有助於自然資源之經營管理與科學研究。Aiming at recognizing the spatial distributions of the climate and vegetation patterns in Taiwan, the climate-vegetation classification model had been implied to illustrate the complex variability through the spatialized cartography using the geographical information system (GIS), digital elevation model, Geostatistics and vegetation classification system as tools. The processes would separate into 3 parts: (1) climate submodel — interpolating the climatic grid space and designing the ecoclimatic indices; (2) vegetation submodel — confirming the vegetation types and establishing the physiognomic classification scheme of potential vegetation; (3) associating climate with vegetation and mapping the potential natural vegetation (PNV). For organizing climate submodel, started with checking the meteorological data by designing a series of examining rules. The procedure filtered out 18.7% stations with irrational coordinate and/or elevation of the metadata, and 0.83% daily mean temperature and daily precipitation data of inaccurate extreme. Then the data could be used to calculate the monthly mean temperature (Tm) and monthly precipitation (Pm) as the samples of interpolating the climatic space. The choice of the method was based on the cross validation. Modified residual Kriging was the best method for interpolating Tm space that the multiple linear regression could predict 95% variability of Tm and then overlapped the local variability from interpolating residual. Logarithmic ordinary Kriging was the best method for interpolating Pm space that performed the whole comprehensive spatial distribution of Pm and discerned the winter drought in the southwest lowland. Then Tm and Pm spaces were used as materials to assess and map the present climate-vegetation classification model. It could be demarcated 13 life zones by Holdridge model in Taiwan, but the result was not suited to local vegetation patterns. Comparatively, Kira's warmth index (WI) was more reasonable to delimit the mountain vegetation zones, but should try to modify the ecoclimatic indices. Therefore, WI had been modified by annual range of monthly mean temperature to originate the modified warmth index (MWI) as thermal regime, and combined WI with precipitation both in the winter half-year to originate the winter drought index (WDI) as moisture regime. For organizing vegetation submodel, started with the bottom-up gateway to agglomerate plot-data. The vegetation types must be confirmed before predictive vegetation mapping, therefore designed a transforming program to combine 585 plot-data from different surveys for the purpose. But the result of the classification and ordination of the combined plot-data couldn't display comprehensive vegetation types of Taiwan, because the plots were insufficient and disproportionate. Consequently, this study adopted the top-down gateway to divisive vegetation. After referring to Taiwan and east-Asia vegetation research papers and American national vegetation classification system etc., the physiognomic classification scheme of Taiwan had been drafted as vegetation submodel. The scheme included 4 levels: 2 classes (tundra, forest), 5subclasses (subarctic, coldtemperate, cooltemperate, warmtemperate, subtropical), 8 groups (based on phenology and types of predominant leaf) and 16 formations (based on moisture regime and predominant taxa). And, the scheme dealt completely with the diverse nomenclatures of vegetation types in the past. Finally, PNV had been mapped according to Boolean discrete methods to connect climate submodel and vegetation submodel by GIS. PNV map first represented the spatial distribution of all vegetation types of 4 physiognomic levels in Taiwan, also integrated the diverse comments of altitudinal vegetation zones and geographical climatic regions in the past. Besides, the scattered ranges of 36 dominant trees in the moisture-thermal regime and climatic zone had been drawn via coordinating 585 plot-data with MWI and WDI. This study provided a new research way and predictive framework for interpreting the complex climate and vegetation of Taiwan, and raised some remedial suggestions. The climatic grid layers, plot-data transforming program, physiognomic classification scheme of vegetation, ecoclimatic indices, moisture-thermal distribution of plants, and PNV map resulted from this study could facilitate further the managements and researches of the natural resources.第一章 緒論 1 壹、研究動機與目的 1 貮、研究主題與假設 2 參、研究架構與流程 4 第二章 前人研究與評述 7 壹、氣象資料檢定 7 一、測站詮釋資料之檢定 7 二、氣象觀測數據之檢定 8 貳、氣候空間推估 11 一、地理統計之原理 12 (一) 區域化變數理論 12 (二) 半變異圖 13 二、氣候空間推估之研究 15 (一) 研究案例 16 (二) 推估結果驗證 23 (三) 代表氣候狀態之氣象紀錄長度 24 參、現有氣候–植群分類模型 25 一、Budyko模型 26 二、K&ouml;ppen模型 26 三、Thornthwaite模型 29 四、Kira模型 31 五、Holdridge模型 35 六、Troll & Pfaffen模型 37 七、Walter模型 37 八、Box模型 39 九、Woodward模型 39 肆、植群調查樣區資料整合 41 一、樣區資料整合之必要性 41 二、植群調查之資料特性 41 三、植群分析套裝軟體之適用性 42 伍、植群分類相關議題 44 一、生態系分類與植群分類 44 二、分離式與連續體植群觀點 45 三、現生植群與潛在植群 45 四、栽培植群與自然植群 46 五、形相分類與植相分類 46 陸、現有植群分類系統 47 一、中國植群分類系統 47 二、臺灣植群分類系統草案 48 三、美國國家植群分類系統 53 柒、植群圖繪製 58 一、植群分類與植群圖之關係 58 二、現生植群圖與潛在植群圖 58 三、繪製植群圖的輔助資訊 59 四、預測潛在植群分布之方法 60 五、植群圖之應用 60 第三章 材料與方法 63 壹、氣象資料檢定 63 一、材料 63 二、氣象資料檢定設計 63 (一) 測站詮釋資料檢查規則 63 (二) 氣象觀測數據檢查規則 64 貮、氣候空間推估 66 一、材料 66 二、方法 66 參、現有氣候–植群分類模型繪製 67 一、材料 67 二、方法 67 肆、氣候亞模型之建構 68 一、材料 68 二、方法 68 伍、植群亞模型之建構 69 一、植群調查樣區資料整合 69 (一) 研究方法 69 (二) 測試資料 69 (三) 實際整合資料 69 二、潛在植群形相分類方案研擬 71 (一) 材料與方法 71 (二) 方案之原則擬定 71 (三) 方案之架構擬定 72 陸、氣候–植群分類模型之建構與其製圖 74 一、材料 74 二、氣候與植群之對應聯繫方法 74 三、預測潛在植群製圖方法 74 柒、樹種水熱分布圖之繪製 75 一、材料 75 二、方法 75 第四章 結果 76 壹、氣象資料檢定 76 一、測站詮釋資料檢定 76 (一) 有觀測數據但無詮釋資料之測站 76 (二) 異碼同站 76 (三) 座標錯誤之測站 79 (四) 海拔高度錯誤之測站 79 二、氣象觀測數據檢定 80 (一) 必然錯誤數據之篩檢結果 80 (二) 連續無變化界限(NOC)之篩檢結果 81 (三) 差異高低值界限(DHLR)之篩檢結果 82 貳、氣候空間推估 83 一、月均溫(Tm)空間推估 83 二、月降水(Pm)空間推估 92 參、現有氣候–植群分類模型繪製 100 一、Holdridge模型 100 二、Kira模型 107 三、依據BT與WI劃分植群帶之比較 109 肆、氣候亞模型之建構 112 一、溫量修正指標(MWI) 112 二、冬乾指標(WDI) 112 伍、植群亞模型之建構 114 一、植群調查樣區資料整合 114 (一) 樣區資料編製 114 (二) 植物種類編碼標準化 115 (三) 轉檔程式 118 (四) 測試與說明 123 (五) 整合與分析 124 二、潛在植群形相分類方案研擬 129 (一) 確立植群類型之途徑 129 (二) 劃分依據 129 (三) 類別研擬 133 陸、氣候–植群分類模型之建構及其製圖 148 一、氣候–植群分類模型之建構 148 二、預測潛在植群之製圖 150 (一) 群系綱之製圖 150 (二) 群系亞綱之製圖 150 (三) 群系組之製圖 151 (四) 群系之製圖 152 玖、樹種水熱分布圖之繪製 158 一、擷取樹種之MWI及WDI值 158 二、繪製樹種水熱分布圖 158 第五章 討論 168 壹、氣象資料檢定 168 一、氣象資料品質控制之必要性 168 (一) 測站詮釋資料檢查 168 (二) 氣象觀測數據檢定 169 二、檢定程序之展望 169 貳、氣候空間推估 171 一、推估方法之討論 171 (一) Tm空間推估 171 (二) Pm空間推估 175 二、推估結果之比較 178 (一) PRISM 178 (二) 氣候圖集 179 三、測站樣本之取捨 182 (一) 足以代表平均氣候狀態的氣象紀錄時間長度 182 (二) 空間推估所需的足夠測站數量與適宜空間分布 182 四、未來展望 184 參、應用氣候–植群分類模型之問題 186 一、不同研究個案比較 186 二、現有模型之適用性 187 (一) Holdridge生命帶並不適用於臺灣 188 (二) 臺灣應用Kira模型須加以修正 189 三、模型劃分之對象主體 189 四、模型單元之命名術語 190 (一) 熱量氣候帶之命名術語 190 (二) 植群類型之命名術語 191 五、適用臺灣的生態氣候指標 192 (一) 熱量境制指標—溫量修正指標 193 (二) 水分境制指標—冬乾指標 194 六、生態氣候指標之值域 195 肆、臺灣植群分類系統之建構 196 一、爭議論見之釐清 197 (一) 疏林之論見 197 (二) 寒原之論見 199 (三) 熱帶之論見 202 (四) 落葉闊葉林之論見 203 二、建構途徑 205 (一) 整合大量樣區資料，由下而上之低階植相聚類 205 (二) 預先設定植群類型，由上而下之高階形相分類 205 伍、植群圖繪製 207 一、繪製途徑 207 (一) 遙測(RS)影像分類 207 (二) 環境–植群關係模型 208 二、選用環境變數 210 三、預測方法 211 四、模型評價 212 五、預測植群圖與真實植群圖 216 六、本研究繪製潛在植群圖之特色 216 (一) 階層架構 216 (二) 設計更適用於臺灣的生態氣候指標 217 (三) 視覺呈現 219 (四) 確立氣候與植群間關係之架構 219 (五) 數值化資訊 219 (六) 低成本、高重製性與高彈性 220 陸、樹種水熱分布 221 柒、研究限制與未來展望 223 一、建置生態環境資料庫 223 二、研究限制—以水分境制為例 228 三、未來研究方向與挑戰 230 第六章 結論 232 引用文獻 235 附錄 264 附錄一、本研究之術語縮寫對照表 264 附錄二、各樣區之水熱境制及其中8種林木胸高斷面積 267 附錄三、本研究出現植物之學名 27