Trimetazidine and left ventricular ischaemic dysfunction: an overview of clinical evidence

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Age-related changes in the impact of valence on self-referential processing in female adolescents and young adults

Adolescence is a period of self-concept development. In the current study, females aged 11–30 years (N = 210) completed two self-referential tasks. In a memory task, participants judged the descriptiveness of words for themselves or a familiar other and their recognition of these words was subsequently measured. In an associative-matching task, participants associated neutral shapes to either themselves or a familiar other and the accuracy of their matching judgements was measured. In the evaluative memory task, participants were more likely to remember self-judged than other-judged words and there was an age-related decrease in the size of this self-reference effect. Negative self-judgements showed a quadratic association with age, peaking around age 19. Participants were more likely to remember positive than negative words and there was an age-related increase in the magnitude of this positivity bias. In the neutral shapes task, there were no age-related changes in the self-reference effect. Overall, adolescent girls showed enhanced processing of self-relevant stimuli when it could be used to inform their self-concept and especially when it was negative

Motives and comprehension in a public goods game with induced emotions

This study analyses the sensitivity of public goods contributions through the lens of psychological motives. We report the results of a public goods experiment in which subjects were induced with the motives of care and anger through autobiographical recall. Subjects’ preferences, beliefs, and perceptions under each motive are compared with those of subjects experiencing a neutral autobiographical recall control condition. We find, but only for those subjects with the highest comprehension of the game, that care elicits significantly higher contributions than anger, with the control treatment in between. This positive influence of the care motive on unconditional giving is accounted for partly by preferences for giving and partly by beliefs concerning greater contributions by others. Anger also affects attention to own and other’s payoffs (measured by mouse tracking) and perceptions of the game’s incentive structure (cooperative or competitive)

Aspects of the planetary Birkhoff normal form

The discovery in [G. Pinzari. PhD thesis. Univ. Roma Tre. 2009], [L. Chierchia and G. Pinzari, Invent. Math. 2011] of the Birkhoff normal form for the planetary many--body problem opened new insights and hopes for the comprehension of the dynamics of this problem. Remarkably, it allowed to give a {\sl direct} proof of the celebrated Arnold's Theorem [V. I. Arnold. Uspehi Math. Nauk. 1963] on the stability of planetary motions. In this paper, using a "ad hoc" set of symplectic variables, we develop an asymptotic formula for this normal form that may turn to be useful in applications. As an example, we provide two very simple applications to the three-body problem: we prove a conjecture by [V. I. Arnold. cit] on the "Kolmogorov set"of this problem and, using Nehoro{\v{s}}ev Theory [Nehoro{\v{s}}ev. Uspehi Math. Nauk. 1977], we prove, in the planar case, stability of all planetary actions over exponentially-long times, provided mean--motion resonances are excluded. We also briefly discuss perspectives and problems for full generalization of the results in the paper.Comment: 44 pages. Keywords: Averaging Theory, Birkhoff normal form, Nehoro{\v{s}}ev Theory, Planetary many--body problem, Arnold's Theorem on the stability of planetary motions, Properly--degenerate kam Theory, steepness. Revised version, including Reviewer's comments. Typos correcte

Biochemical consequences of electrical pacing in ischemic-reperfused isolated rat hearts

It is still unclear if performance recovery in postischemic hearts is related to their tissue level of high-energy phosphates before reflow. To test the existence of this link, we monitored performance, metabolism and histological damage in isolated, crystalloid-perfused rat hearts during 20 min of low-flow ischemia (90% coronary flow reduction) and reflow. To prevent interference from different ischemia times and perfusing media compositions, the ischemic ATP level was varied by changing energy demand (electrical pacing at 330 min-1). Under full coronary flow conditions, work output, as well as ATP and phosphocreatine contents were the same in control, spontaneously contracting (n = 23) and paced (n = 21) hearts. During low-flow ischemia, the higher work output (p < 0.0001) in paced hearts decreased their tissue content of ATP, phosphocreatine and total adenylates and purines (p < 0.05), as opposed to maintained values in control hearts. During reflow, the recovery of mechanical performance and O2 uptake was 94 \ub1 5% and 110 \ub1 9% (p = NS vs. baseline) in controls, vs. 71 \ub1 5% and 74 \ub1 6% in paced hearts (p < 0.004 vs. baseline). The levels of ATP and total adenylates and purines remained constant in control, but were markedly depressed (p < 0.05 vs. baseline) in paced hearts. Phosphocreatine+creatine was the same in both groups. These data, together with the observed lack of creatine kinase leakage and of structural damage, indicate that myocardial recovery during reflow reflects the tissue level of ATP, phosphocreatine and total adenylates and purines during ischemia, regardless of physical cell damage

Triglycerides impair postischemic recovery in isolated hearts: roles of endothelin-1 and trimetazidine

There is growing evidence that hypertriglyceridemia exacerbates ischemic injury. We tested the hypothesis that triglycerides impair myocardial recovery from low-flow ischemia in an ex vivo model and that such an effect is related to endothelin-1. Hyperglycemic (glucose concentration = 12 mmol/l) and hyperinsulinemic (insulin concentration = 1.2 mu mol/l) isolated rat hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer (PO2 = 670 mmHg, pH 7.4, 37 degreesC) added with increasing triglycerides (0, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 mg/dl, n = 6-9 rats/group). Hearts were exposed to 60 min of low-flow ischemia (10% of basal coronary flow), followed by 30 min of reperfusion. We found that increasing triglycerides impaired both the diastolic (P < 0.005) and systolic (P < 0.02) recovery. The release of endothelin-1 during reperfusion increased linearly with triglyceride concentration (P = 0.0009). Elevated triglycerides also increased the release of nitrite and nitrate (NOx), the end products of nitric oxide, up to 6 mu mol/min. Trimetazidine (1 mu mol) further increased NOx release, blunted endothelin-1 release, and protected myocardial function during recovery. We conclude that high triglyceride levels impair myocardial recovery after low-flow ischemia in association with endothelin-1 release. The endothelium-mediated effect of triglycerides on both contractile recovery and endothelin-1 release is prevented by 1 muM trimetazidine

Direct and indirect aboutness topics

We propose a definition of aboutness topicality that not only encompasses individual denoting DPs, but also indefinites. We concentrate on the interpretative effects of marking indefinites as topics: they either receive widest scope in their clause, or they are interpreted in the restrictor of an overt or covert Q-adverb. We show that in the first case they are direct aboutness topics insofar as they are the subject of a predication expressed by the comment, while in the second case they are indirect aboutness topics: they define the subject of a higher-order predication — namely the set of situations that the respective Q-adverb quantifies over

Grammatical meaning and the second language classroom : introduction

This special issue assembles empirical work on second language teaching and learning from a generative linguistic perspective. The focus is on properties that constitute grammar–meaning interaction, that differ in the native and target language grammars, and that have not been highlighted in the pedagogical literature so far. Common topics address whether and how learners acquire grammatical meanings in the second language, including difficult misalignments between native and target-language constructions and functional morphemes. We propose that teaching and learning a second language can be enhanced by focusing on the relationship between grammatical forms and their meanings, as elucidated by contemporary linguistic theory