Recrystallization of epitaxial GaN under indentation

We report recrystallization of epitaxial (epi-) GaN(0001) film under indentation.Hardness value is measured close to 10 GPa, using a Berkovich indenter. Pop-in burst in the loading line indicates nucleation of dislocations setting in plastic motion of lattice atoms under stress field for the recrystallization process. Micro-Raman studies are used to identify the recrystallization process. Raman area mapping indicates the crystallized region. Phonon mode corresponding to E2(high) close to 570 cm-1 in the as-grown epi-GaN is redshifted to stress free value close to 567 cm-1 in the indented region. Evolution of A1(TO) and E1(TO) phonon modes are also reported to signify the recrystallization process.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures

Modelling sewer discharge via displacement of manhole covers during flood events using 1D/2D SIPSON/P-DWave dual drainage simulations

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis via the DOI in this recordIn urban areas, overloaded sewers may result in surcharge that causes surface flooding. The overflow from sewer systems mainly starts at the inlets until the pressure head in the manhole is high enough to lift up its cover, at which stage the surcharged flow may be discharged via the gap between the bottom of the manhole cover and the ground surface. In this paper, we propose a new approach to simulate such a dynamic between the sewer and the surface flow in coupled surface and sewer flow modelling. Two case studies are employed to demonstrate the differences between the new linking model and the traditional model that simplifies the process. The results show that the new approach is capable of describing the physical phenomena when manhole covers restrict the drainage flow from the surface to the sewer network and reduce the surcharge flow and vice versa.DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Rain Gauge and Radar Rainfall Information for Urban Flash Flood Analysis

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchive

The urban inundation model with bidirectional flow interaction between 2D overland surface and 1D sewer networks

8th international conference, Novatech 2013, Lyon, France, 23 – 27 June 2013An integrated numerical model is developed in the study for simulating the runoff processes in urban areas. A 1D model is used for calculating the rainfall-runoff hydrographs and the flow conditions in drainage networks. A 2D model is employed for routing flow on overland surface. Both models are solved by different numerical schemes and using different time steps with the flow through manholes adopted as model connections. The effluents and influents via manholes are determined by the weir or the orifice equations. Timing synchronisation between both models is taken into account to guarantee suitable model linkages.EPSRC: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Counci

An analysis of the combined consequences of pluvial and fluvial flooding

Copyright © IWA Publishing 2010. The definitive peer-reviewed and edited version of this article is published in Water Science & Technology Vol. 62 No. 7 pp 1491–1498 (2010), DOI: 10.2166/wst.2010.486, and is available at www.iwapublishing.comIntense rainfall in urban areas often generates both pluvial flooding due to the limited capacity of drainage systems, as well as fluvial flooding caused by deluges from river channels. The concurrence of pluvial and fluvial flooding can aggravate their (individual) potential damages. To analyse the impact caused by individual and composite type of flooding, the SIPSON/UIM model, an integrated 1D sewer and 2D overland flow was applied to numerical modelling. An event matrix of possible pluvial scenarios was combined with hypothetic overtopping and breaching situations to estimate the surface flooding consequences in the Stockbridge area, Keighley (Bradford, UK). The modelling results identified different flooding drivers in different parts of the study area and showed that the worst scenarios resulted from synthesised events.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC

A novel approach to model dynamic flow interactions between storm sewer system and overland surface for different land covers in urban areas

In this study, we developed a novel approach to simulate dynamic flow interactions between storm sewers and overland surface for different land covers in urban areas. The proposed approach couples the one-dimensional (1D) sewer flow model (SFM) and the two-dimensional (2D) overland flow model (OFM) with different techniques depending on the land cover type of the study areas. For roads, pavements, plazas, and so forth where rainfall becomes surface runoff before entering the sewer system, the rainfall-runoff process is simulated directly in the 2D OFM, and the runoff is drained to the sewer network via inlets, which is regarded as the input to 1D SFM. For green areas on which rainfall falls into the permeable ground surface and the generated direct runoff traverses terrain, the deduction rate is applied to the rainfall for reflecting the soil infiltration in the 2D OFM. In built-up areas with drainage facilities allowing rainfall to drain directly from the roof to sewer networks, the rainfall-runoff process is simulated using the hydrological module in the 1D SFM where no rainfall is applied to these areas in the 2D OFM. The 1D SFM is used for hydraulic simulations in the sewer network. Where the flow in the drainage network exceeds its capacity, a surcharge occurs and water may spill onto the ground surface if the pressure head in a manhole exceeds the ground elevation. The overflow discharge from the sewer system is calculated by the 1D SFM and considered a point source in the 2D OFM. The overland flow will return into the sewer network when it reaches an inlet that connects to an un-surcharged manhole. In this case, the drainage is considered as a point sink in the 2D OFM and an inflow to a manhole in the 1D SFM. The proposed approach was compared to other five urban flood modelling techniques with four rainfall events that had previously recorded inundation areas. The merits and drawbacks of each modelling technique were compared and discussed. Based on the simulated results, the proposed approach was found to simulate floodings closer to the survey records than other approaches because the physical rainfall-runoff phenomena in urban environment were better reflected.Royal SocietyMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwa

Multi-layered coarse grid modelling in 2D urban flood simulations

Copyright © 2012 Elsevier. NOTICE: This is the author’s version of a work accepted for publication by Elsevier. Changes resulting from the publishing process, including peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting and other quality control mechanisms, may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Hydrology Vol. 470-471, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.06.022Regular grids are commonly used in 2D flood modelling due to wide availability of terrain models and low pre-processing required for input preparation. Despite advances in both computing software and hardware, high resolution flood modelling remains computationally demanding when applied to a large study area when the available time and resources are limited. Traditional grid coarsening approach may reduce not only the computing demands, but also the accuracy of results due to the loss of detailed information. To keep key features that affect flow propagation within coarse grid, the approach proposed and tested in this paper adopts multiple layers in flood modelling to reflect individual flow paths separated by buildings within a coarse grid cell. The cell in each layer has its own parameters (elevation, roughness, building coverage ratio, and conveyance reduction factors) to describe itself and the conditions at boundaries with neighbourhood cells. Results of tests on the synthetic case study and the real world urban area show that the proposed multi-layered approach greatly improves the accuracy of coarse grid modelling with an insignificant additional computing cost. The proposed approach has been tested in conjunction with the UIM model by taking the high resolution results as the benchmark. The implementation of the proposed multi-layered methodology to any regular grid based 2D model would be straightforward