SP-AMC scheme for visual data transmisson over wireless fading channel

In this paper, an efficient superposition coding with adaptive modulation and coding (SP-AMC) system, for the optimal system performance, is proposed. The proposed SP-AMC system switches its modulation and coding scheme (MCS) adaptively in order to select the suitable modulation order and coding rate that are best match with the instantaneous channel condition. Hence, better performances in both data rate and error probability can be attained. Moreover, the source data is divided into a number of different priority layers with different importance. The bit streams of these layers are then encoded and modulated individually with different unequal error protection (UEP) levels against channel corruption. The highest UEP level is assigned to the highest priority layer which has the highest effect on the reception quality, and vice versa. The modulated bit streams of all layers are then superimposed together and transmitted over Rayleigh fading channel. At the receiver side, a multi-stage decoding (MSD) receiver is used to reconstruct the source data by applying the ordered successive interference cancellation (O-SIC) technique, which demodulates the layers according to the order of their priorities

High reliability of real-time visual data transmission using superposition coding with receiver diversity

Supporting visual data applications in the real-time communication systems are among the most challenging issues over the next generation wireless communication systems. This challenge is further magnified by the fact that the quality of reception is highly sensitive to transmission delay, data losses and bit error rate (BER) in such applications. In this paper, we proposed Superposition Coding with Receiver Diversity (SPC-RD) scheme, which employs unequal error protection (UEP) to improve the error performance, maximize the received signal to noise ratio (SNR) and optimize the reliability of the transmission system. In the transmitter side, the visual data is divided into a number of different priority layers based on their effects on the reception quality. These layers are modulated individually where the highest priority layer is modulated with the highest UEP level against error-prone channels, and vice versa. These modulated signals are then superimposed together and transmitted via wireless Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) Rayleigh fading channel. In the receiver side, three different diversity combining approaches; selection combining (SC), equal gain combining (EGC) and maximal ratio combining (MRC) are considered. The combined signal is then passed through a multiuser demodulator so-called the ordered successive interference cancellation (O-SIC) demodulator to reconstruct and separate the data layers. This demodulation technique is evaluated and compared with the traditionally maximum likelihood joint detection (MLJD) technique. Extensive simulations have been carried out to validate the various assertions. Under the assumption of equal transmission power, the simulation results illustrate that the proposed SPC-RD scheme provides a SNR gain of 14.5 dB over the Rayleigh fading channel at the diversity order of three for the acceptable BER level of 10−3 when BPSK scheme is exploited compared to the traditional equal error protection system. In addition, the proposed scheme with O-SIC demodulation technique achieves almost similar performance compared to MLJD technique but using less computational complexity

Adaptive real time wireless data transmission using superposition coding with feedback of channel state information

High quality data transmission services are an important issue for broadband wireless access (BWA) systems. This paper deals with the design issues of a real-time wireless data transmission which provides unequal error protection (UEP) over an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Traditionally, transmission is made from a one bit stream at one level of power (for example, pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)) but using different techniques to exploit the available bandwidth. Using superposition coding, the real time data bit stream can be divided into two bit streams. The first bit stream represents the region of high priority (HP) while the second represents low priority (LP) region. These two bit streams are modulated separately, and superimposed together with two different levels of power to achieve the UEP at the receiver side. Feedback of the channel state information (CSI) is used by adaptive channel in the physical layer such that the current available bandwidth is used efficiently. In this proposed scheme, the same design metrics, namely time, bandwidth and power are used to increase the transmission efficiency. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with the traditional, 2-PAM and 4-PAM schemes. Unlike the traditional schemes, the results show that our scheme provides a higher data rate at an acceptable bit error rate (BER) when the channel is in good condition. When channel quality is degraded, a reduced data rate is applied in contrast with the traditional schemes. As compared with the traditional 4-PAM scheme, the proposed scheme gives a good error performance for the HP bit stream with 0.2 dB gain increase at BER of 10-5, and exhibited a 4 dB gain when the channel condition is bad

A methodology for measuring the sustainability of car transport systems

Measuring the sustainability of car fleets, an important task in developing transport policy, can be accomplished with an appropriate set of indicators. We applied the Process Analysis Method of sustainability assessment to generate an indicator set in a systematic and transparent way, that is consistent with a declared definition of a sustainable transport system. Our method identifies stakeholder groups, the full range of impacts across the environmental, economic and human/social domains of sustainability, and those who generate and receive those impacts. Car users are shown by the analysis to have dual roles, both as individual makers of decisions and as beneficiaries/sufferers of the impacts resulting from communal choice. Thus car users, through their experience of service quality, are a potential force for system change. Our method addresses many of the well-known flaws in measuring transport sustainability. The indicator set created is independent of national characteristics and will be useful to transport policy practitioners and sustainable mobility researchers globally. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd

Agw 710 Consultancy Focus Fine Engineering Sdn Bhd

In Malaysia, the small business sector has been accepted as an important contributor to the nation's overall wealth and a major source of jobs as it was in many other countries. However, Small Medium Ent rprise (SME) contribution to the economy is still comparatively insignificant. Therefore, the Malaysian Government has made the development of SMEs a high priority area, especially those with high growth and export potential. This is indicated in the national development agendas, namely the Ninth Malaysia Plan (9MP) and the Third Industrial Master Plan (IMP3 ), in which the key strategies for SME development is outlined for the 2006-2010 and 2006-2015 periods respectively (Bank Negara report 2007)

Eye-tank: monitoring and predicting water and pH level in smart farming

Water is the most critical resource in agriculture. However, concerns are raised about low-purity water, which contributes adverse effects to the soil and plant. It causes significant losses to farmers. Hence, this study proposed a project using sensors to identify and predict water and pH levels. Once triggered (water or pH level exceeds or dropped below standard requirement), the sensor can activate the alarm system and notify the target user via email and SMS. In addition, this project includes predicting pH levels by using the data collected from the pH sensor. Raspberry Pi 3 serves as the central processing unit – implementing and powers up the system and enabling sensors to read and display data. This project utilized rapid prototyping, which comprised several phases, which consist of building, testing, and revising until an acceptable prototype is created. Besides, the system is accessed via remot3.it platform, which connects the device to the system. The system interface is displayed through Virtual Network Computing (VNC) viewer. Overall, this study presents the details in developing a gadget capable of displaying water readings and communicating with the target user. Also, the monthly report will be generated and notify the user via email and SMS

Unequal error protection for wireless data transmission using superposition coding with feedback

High quality of data transmission services is an important task for wireless broadband communication systems. This paper is concerned with the design problem of real-time wireless data transmission which provides unequal error protection (UEP). Using superposition coding, the rea-time data stream is divided into two streams, high priority (HP) and low priority LP streams depending on their interest. These two bit streams are encoded separately, and then superimposed together with two different level of power to achieve the UEP for them in the receiver end. Feedback of channel state information (CSI) is used in adaptive physical layer channel for efficient use of the current available bandwidth. In this proposed scheme, same recourses; time, bandwidth and power are used to increase the transmission efficiency compared with other schemes which are use transmission of one data stream with one power level but in different techniques to exploit the available bandwidth

Enhancement of packet reordering in a mobile stream control transmission protocol for a heterogeneous wireless network vertical handover

Future wireless access networks will be heterogeneous wireless network (HWN) environment which consists of various wireless technologies including universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) networks and wireless local area networks (WLAN). They are used together through vertical handover (VHO) to ensure global mobility and service continuity. The mobile stream control transmission protocol (mSCTP) layer supports dynamic association reconfiguration. This protocol allows mSCTP endpoints to dynamically add, change and delete IP addresses when the mobile node (MN) is switched between HWNs. During a mSCTP handover, the endpoints of the mSCTP are required to change the primary link from an old link to a UMTS into a new link to a WLAN. However, due to the disparity between UMTS/WLAN bandwidth, a packet reordering problem will occur when the MN of the mSCTP leaves to a new network. This packet reordering problem can then causes additional drawbacks such as impossibility of growing an mSCTP congestion window, unnecessary fast retransmissions, actual packet losses, and reduced efficiency of the receiving mSCTP. In this paper, we propose a packet reordering model (PRM) that is inserted inside the MN, and works as a special buffer of a large capacity with one input and one output port to receive all transmission sequence numbers (TSNs). It then forwards all incoming data chunks to the MN/WLAN networks after the VHO. The performance of the system is simulated and analyzed using NS-2 simulation tool. The simulation results show that the suggested model enhances the performance throughput and the congestion window of the conventional mSCTP through VHO by handling the packet reordering problem. In other words, the average performance throughout of the proposed PRM scheme is 181.48 Kbps or 16% increment compared to conventional mSCTP at 165.54 Kbps

The impact on human health of car-related air pollution in the UK, 1995-2005

We have analysed the impact on human health of emissions produced by the UK car fleet in the years 1995 and 2005. Calculations were based on reported measurements of pollutant concentration, literature values of exposure response coefficients and data for mortality and morbidity. A share was attributed to the car fleet based on emissions data. Although the total distance driven in the UK increased by 16% over this period to 460 billion km, there was a significant fall in engine emissions as increasingly stringent regulations (EURO standards) were introduced. As a result there was a decrease of some 25% in the number of deaths attributable to car-related air pollution – down to 5589 in 2005. The estimated number of years of life lost at 65 000 (England and Wales) in 2005, was about half that caused by road accidents involving cars in the same year. We report further calculations which show the effect of car-related pollution on hospital admissions. Our method is straightforward, providing acceptable estimates for health impacts on the predominantly urban population of the UK. There remains a need for more work, particularly cohort studies of morbidity, to establish the long-term effects of air pollution

Analysis of PM10 in Kuala Terengganu by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used for the determination of trace elements in airborne particulate matter (PM10) for air pollution monitoring. For the collection of air samples, the PM10 high volume sampler unit and Whatman 41 cellulose filter papers were employed. Samples were collected at 13 selected sampling sites covering areas in the city center, inner and outer city of Kuala Terengganu during the month of March 2005. The average PM10 was 69.64 μgm-3, 83.58 μgm-3 and 72.22 μgm-3 for sampling stations located in the city center, inner and outer city of Kuala Terengganu, respectively. It was found that the mass of air particles in the study area was higher compared to Bangi and Kuala Lumpur. Chemical analysis of selected elements (Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, V, Mn, Zn, Cr, As Cd), ionic species (Na+, SO4 2-, Cl-, NH4 +,Mg2+, K+ , Ca2+) and some rare earth elements (REE) were included in this study. In general, most of the average concentration of trace elements in the city center sampling stations was generally higher than the inner and outer city sampling stations. The concentrations of trace elements in sampling stations follow the general trend of Al>Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb>V>Cr>As>Ni>Cd. The elements concentration ranged from 680-2119 ngm-3, 170-1132 ngm-3, 8.13-122.4 ngm-3, 8.48-77.3 ngm-3, 7.68-14.4 ngm-3, 1-90.4 ngm-3, 1.47-3.25 ngm-3, 1.43-5.03 ngm-3, 1.15-4.45 ngm-3, 0.24-3.75 ngm-3 and 0.28-1.36 ngm-3, respectively