Iluminismo: o espaço privilegiado da crítica

With the emergence of the so-called “Enlightenment Philosophy” and the great importance it attributed to education and reflection, criticism, until then very confined by obedience to precepts of Antiquity, started to be developed. Within the French context, Diderot and Rousseau stand out; for besides writing fiction, they also conceptualized artistic activity and the role attributed to it by society

Prefaciando a modernidade / Introducing modernity

Jean-Jacques Rousseau reafirma sua reação sistemática às regras rígidas da escola clássica pela recusa do primado da razão lógica, que imperava no seu século, priorizando o estado de natureza, que ele define como a busca do eu interior. Podemos afirmar que o autor introduz, assim, no século XVIII, o tema fundamental da modernidade: o essor du moi, com as consequentes problemáticas da solidão e da sentimentalidade. Um século mais tarde, Victor Hugo será considerado chefe do romantismo francês, a partir do prefácio de Cromwell, espécie de manifesto dessa escola literária. Nossa pesquisa consiste em indagar até que ponto o poeta retoma, no seu prefácio, os temas fundamentais da modernidade, tão caros ao filósofo. E em que medida essas questões estão presentes ainda hoje

O COMPARATISMO E O CLIMA NO SÉCULO XIX: FERDINAND DENIS, ENTRE AS AMÉRICAS E A ÁFRICA

Resumo: Neste breve ensaio, mostraremos como, na obra de Ferdinand Denis, uma linha de pensamento colonialista francesa se manifesta. A partir de pressupostos “universais” sobre a influência do clima nas populações humanas, oriundos do século XVIII, mas muito utilizados em argumentos europeus do XIX, veremos como Denis apresenta uma “descrição” das supostas semelhanças entre árabes, negros africanos, índios das Américas e sertanejos brasileiros, em função do clima quente em que todos eles vivem. Palavras-Chave: Ferdinand Denis; Colonialismo francês; Clima; Século XIX.   Abstract: In this paper, we will show how, in the work of Ferdinand Denis, a line of French colonialist thought is presented. Based on “universal” 18th century assumptions about the influence of climate on human populations, but widely used in European arguments from the 19th century, we will see how Denis presents a “description” of how the supposed similarities between Arabs, black Africans, Indians from the Americas and Brazilian sertanejos, are due to the hot climate in which they all live. Keywords: Ferdinand Denis; French colonialismo; Climate; XIX Century. &nbsp

O império dos mil anos e a arte do "tempo barroco": a águia bicéfala como emblema da Cristandade

The article reveals that between the mid-17th century and the mid-18th century, in the ecclesiastical world of the religious orders (Jesuits, franciscans, Carmelites, Cistercians, Augustinian, etc.) and the episcopate, there was the progressive adoption of the imperial symbol, the double-headed eagle, attribute of the Christian Empire, the germanic Holy Roman Empire emblem. However, in the religious field, this imperial eagle of the baroque time appears without the political insignia (sword, scepter and the imperial orb), adorning altars, monstrances, trumphal archs, facades of temples, doors, walls, domes, pulpits, sacred washbasins, sculptures and paintings of the Virgin and Child, liturgical robes, etc.; therefore related to the cult and the dogmas of the Catholic faith - in artistic works, the association between the double eagle and the flesh-spirit or human-divine unity, axial principle of the Catholic faith, represented by Virgin-Mother and Christ, is often indicated directly. The research has located and identified numerous remnants of the double eagle emblem in religious field in Portugal and Spain and in their conquests and dominions in America, Asia and Africa, and also in Italy, and the historiography on painful birth of the modern era in the West has never realized this phenomenon. Symbolizing absolute power, universal power, these works with sacred significance, as the ecclesiastical discourse of the time, demonstrate movement occurred in religious plane. With the aim to assert not only spiritual but also temporal power of Christ and his mystical body, the Church was impelled by the idea of restoring the "Republica Christiana" or Christendon - disrupted by conflicts of power and faith - and of introducing a Universal Apostolic Monarchy extended to all mankind: the Empire of the Last Days, the Empire of Christ in the world, the fifth Empire

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

REPORT OF AN EXPERIENCE IN TRANSLATION

The present work reports an experience of translating a theatre play – 1789 – The Revolution, by Ariane Mnouchkine – staged in 1989 in Rio de Janeiro to celebrate the bicentenary of the French Revolution. The text presents the difficulties raised by this task and the theoretical reflections arising from it.</p

The travel report - narrators among the memory, the fictional and the imaginary

Our study attempts at reflections on the travel literature of some French writers who having travelled to Brazil since the Renaissance, but spe­cially on the second half of 18th century and the first half of 19th century, present in their personal reports different ways of viewing the people, the nature and the habits of the visited country; thus they offer in their diaries the written data, which allows us to study a crossing of paths of France and Brazil from the Renaissance onwards and also the independence movements of the country once called «France Antarctique». La Condamine and Francis de Castelnau are some of the travellers responsible for important aspects in the study of a catching of eyes between the two countries.It seems of utmost importance so as to reach a better understanding of the relationship between the two peoples