Design of an Efficient Parallel Comparator Architecture for Low Power Delay Product

A binary comparator architecture is proposed in this work for static logic to achieve both low-power and high-performance operations. It also presents a detailed timing performance and power analysis of various state-of-the-art comparator designs. The main advantages of this design are its high speed and power efficiency maintained over a wide range of operands size, which is useful at low-input data activity environments. The proposed circuit design uses minimum fan-in and fan-out logic gates for achieving high speed and low power dissipation. Utilizing a 2-bit binary comparator circuit with minimum fan-in and fan-out of logic gates (NAND-NOR), the architecture of a parallel binary comparator is proposed for higher input operands by using a low radix multiplexer and priority encoder. Further, to decrease the size of the multiplexer and priority encoder by two times, a general architecture is also proposed by using a 4-bit binary comparator to reduce its complexity. The proposed circuits are optimized in terms of the power consumption and delay, which are due to low load capacitance, low leakages, and reduced dynamic power dissipation. Each of the proposed circuits has its own merits in terms of speed, power consumption, Power-Delay Product (PDP). Its synthesis is done on 180 nm as well as 90 nm CMOS technology using the Cadence tool. The physical layout of the proposed architecture using a 90 nm CMOS process (GPDK process) is also obtained

A Blockchain-based Framework for Transparent Medical supply in Covid-19 Pandemic

The sudden occurrence of COVID-19 has made the world into big trouble. It is known that COVID-19 is a highly contagious and deadly virus. People initially infected have no symptoms, while some people are showing no symptoms. In this pandemic the government has showed a strong interest in a smartphone contact monitoring software that can assist in automating of discovering all recent contacts of newly discovered sick people. In this article, we are proposing our app covid suraksha yantra. We have used React for the frontend framework and node js for backend framework. We have given certain 5 quizzes about covid-19 compared to other recently developed apps. Comparative analysis of   various application developed for Covid-19 has been studied and a clear overview of these application has been presented in this article and finally we have introduced a blockchain framework known as Covid-19 Suraksha Yantra for medical supply. In this website we also provide the details of slots available for Covid vaccine with proper address, availability, duration, fee Type. We will also provide tracking of medicine across India with the help of blockchain technology

Design of an Efficient Parallel Comparator Architecture for Low Power Delay Product

A binary comparator architecture is proposed in this work for static logic to achieve both low-power and high-performance operations. It also presents a detailed timing performance and power analysis of various state-of-the-art comparator designs. The main advantages of this design are its high speed and power efficiency maintained over a wide range of operands size, which is useful at low-input data activity environments. The proposed circuit design uses minimum fan-in and fan-out logic gates for achieving high speed and low power dissipation. Utilizing a 2-bit binary comparator circuit with minimum fan-in and fan-out of logic gates (NAND-NOR), the architecture of a parallel binary comparator is proposed for higher input operands by using a low radix multiplexer and priority encoder. Further, to decrease the size of the multiplexer and priority encoder by two times, a general architecture is also proposed by using a 4-bit binary comparator to reduce its complexity. The proposed circuits are optimized in terms of the power consumption and delay, which are due to low load capacitance, low leakages, and reduced dynamic power dissipation. Each of the proposed circuits has its own merits in terms of speed, power consumption, Power-Delay Product (PDP). Its synthesis is done on 180 nm as well as 90 nm CMOS technology using the Cadence tool. The physical layout of the proposed architecture using a 90 nm CMOS process (GPDK process) is also obtained

Impact of Work Function Tunability on Thermal and RF Performance of P-type Window based Junctionless Transistor

The choice of gate metal technology for junctionless transistors needs to have diverse charac- teristics as metals have distinct work functions and hence, they show incompatibility while tailoring thresh- old of the device. In such a scenario, bimetallic stacked gate can be a promising candidate to present wide range of tunable work functions required for nano- regime junctionless transistors. This paper explores the electronic phenomena occurring at metal-metal inter- face and the impact of Platinum (Pt)/Titanium (Ti) bimetallic stacked gate-based work function tunabil- ity on the RF and thermal performances of p-type window-based Silicon on Insulator Junctionless Tran- sistor (SOI JLT) using numerical simulator SILVACO ATLAS. The parameters considered for performance evaluation are ON-state current (ION ), OFF-state cur- rent (IOF F ), ION /IOF F ratio, transconductance (gm), cutoff frequency (fT ), Transconductance Frequency Product (TFP), Intrinsic Gate Delay (IGD), intrin- sic gain (AV ), and Global Device Temperature (GDT). The gm, fT , TFP, AV and GDT improve for modi- fied over conventional in the ON state at higher work function, while IGD improves at lower work function. The improvements of 11.7 % and 2.21 % are obtained in maximum gm and fT , respectively, for modified tran- sistor over conventional. The findings suggest that bimetallic stacked gate modified SOIJLT is a better op- tion than conventional for low-power RF application

A closed bipolar electrochemical cell for the interrogation of BDD single particles : electrochemical advanced oxidation

A closed bipolar electrochemical cell containing two conductive boron-doped diamond (BDD) particles of size ∼ 250 – 350 μm, produced by high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) synthesis, has been used to demonstrate the applicability of single BDD particles for electrochemical oxidative degradation of the dye, methylene blue (MB). The cell is fabricated using stereolithography 3D printing and the BDD particles are located at either end of a solution excluded central channel. Platinum wire electrodes placed in each of the two outer solution compartments are used to drive electrochemical reactions at the two BDD particles, which, under bipolar conditions do not require direct electrical connection to a potential source. Experiments using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) show that the anodic pole BDD particle is able to electrochemically remove > 99 % of the dye (originally present at 1 × 10−4 M) to undetectable UHPLC-MS products in 600 s. Monitoring of the time dependant change in MB peak area, from the UHPLC chromatograms, enables a pseudo first order rate constant of 0.54 min−1 to be determined for MB removal. Given the large scale at which such particles can be produced (tonnes), such data bodes well for scale up opportunities using HPHT-grown BDD particles, where the particles can be assembled into high surface area electrode formats

A structurally distinct TGF-β mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells.

Helminth parasites defy immune exclusion through sophisticated evasion mechanisms, including activation of host immunosuppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells. The mouse parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus can expand the host Treg population by secreting products that activate TGF-β signalling, but the identity of the active molecule is unknown. Here we identify an H. polygyrus TGF-β mimic (Hp-TGM) that replicates the biological and functional properties of TGF-β, including binding to mammalian TGF-β receptors and inducing mouse and human Foxp3+ Treg cells. Hp-TGM has no homology with mammalian TGF-β or other members of the TGF-β family, but is a member of the complement control protein superfamily. Thus, our data indicate that through convergent evolution, the parasite has acquired a protein with cytokine-like function that is able to exploit an endogenous pathway of immunoregulation in the host

The development and validation of a scoring tool to predict the operative duration of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: The ability to accurately predict operative duration has the potential to optimise theatre efficiency and utilisation, thus reducing costs and increasing staff and patient satisfaction. With laparoscopic cholecystectomy being one of the most commonly performed procedures worldwide, a tool to predict operative duration could be extremely beneficial to healthcare organisations. Methods: Data collected from the CholeS study on patients undergoing cholecystectomy in UK and Irish hospitals between 04/2014 and 05/2014 were used to study operative duration. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was produced in order to identify significant independent predictors of long (> 90 min) operations. The resulting model was converted to a risk score, which was subsequently validated on second cohort of patients using ROC curves. Results: After exclusions, data were available for 7227 patients in the derivation (CholeS) cohort. The median operative duration was 60 min (interquartile range 45–85), with 17.7% of operations lasting longer than 90 min. Ten factors were found to be significant independent predictors of operative durations > 90 min, including ASA, age, previous surgical admissions, BMI, gallbladder wall thickness and CBD diameter. A risk score was then produced from these factors, and applied to a cohort of 2405 patients from a tertiary centre for external validation. This returned an area under the ROC curve of 0.708 (SE = 0.013, p  90 min increasing more than eightfold from 5.1 to 41.8% in the extremes of the score. Conclusion: The scoring tool produced in this study was found to be significantly predictive of long operative durations on validation in an external cohort. As such, the tool may have the potential to enable organisations to better organise theatre lists and deliver greater efficiencies in care

Performance Investigation of Binary Counter with Different Clock Gating Networks

Three different clock gating network (CGN) have been used in this work to study their impact on the performance of binary counter. Different NMOS and PMOS transistor arrangements were used as CGN network. Its effect on the design of a synchronous binary counter i.e. 4-bit SBC-1T, -2T and -4T was observed to compute some of the essential performance parameters such as delay, slack time, maximum operating frequency, power dissipation, PDP and occupied area. The proposed counter design has been extended for 8 and 16-bit also. For synthesizing (TSMC 180-nm CMOS process) the proposed design, Leonardo Spectrum Tool provided by mentor Graphics has been used. For FPGA synthesis (Spartan-3E) of the proposed design, the ISE design suite provided by Xilinx has been used

Tailoring the Properties of Nanocrystalline Tin(II) Selenide Films through Precursor Concentration Modulation

365-368An X-ray diffractometer for structural, a UV-VIS Spectrophotometer for optical, and a unique aluminium sample holder intended to examine the electrical properties of the synthesized SnSe thin films on non-conductive glass substrates in an alkaline medium were used. Light shining through a transparent glass window illuminated the samples to examine their electrical (photoconductivity) properties. The XRD results show that all of the films are orthorhombic crystals. The concentration of the precursor affects microstructural characteristics such as micro strain, crystallite size, and dislocation density. SnSe thin films' optical bandgap is measured using absorbance measurements. Semiconducting properties are confirmed by measuring the electrical conductivity, which reaches its highest value at the optimal precursor concentration. The as-grown SnSe films exhibit tunable photo response properties, which boost the practical application of the films in photovoltaic and solar cells

Assessment of Radionuclide Concentration and Exhalation Rates in some NORMs and TENORMs of Shivalik Region

520-525226Ra, 232Th, their decay products 222Rn, 220Rn and 40K significantly contribute to the mean dose from natural background radiation. This study reports the concentration of radionuclides in Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMS) and Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORMS) of the Shivalik region of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. The activity of radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in different NORMS (soil, sand, rocks) and TENORMS (tiles, marble, cement) were calculated by Gamma spectrometry method using an HPGe detector. Radon mass exhalation and thoron surface exhalation rates were also determined using a Smart RnDuo monitor for the above samples. From the results, it could be concluded that the radon mass exhalation rate and radium activity were obtained to be maximum for tile no. 2 and minimum for white marble samples. Similarly, the thoron surface exhalation rate and thorium activity occurred maximum in tile no. 2 and minimum for safedi. The radium equivalent activity (Raea), gamma activity concentration index (I), internal hazard index (Hint) and external hazard index (Hext) were computed using appropriate relations. The values range between 5.858 to 188.944, 0.0403 to 1.377, 0.028 to 0.615 and 0.015 to 0.510 having mean values of 107.256, 0.685, 0.325, and 0.256, respectively