Comunidades imaginadas imposibles: derechos humanos y neoliberalismo en el cine y la literatura latinoamericana

El artículo traza un fenómeno compartido entre diferentes artefactos culturales latinoamericanos: la representación de afectos perversos en el espacio donde se articulan la memoria y el mercado, configurando una subjetividad que prescinde e imposibilita la construcción de comunidades nacionales imaginadas. Mediante el estudio de la novela Insensatez, de Horacio Castellanos Moya, y las películas El secreto de sus ojos, de Juan José Campanella, y Madeinusa, de Claudia Llosa, el artículo relaciona la imposibilidad de imaginar comunidades nacionales con la expansión del neoliberalismo y los debates sobre derechos humanos en Latinoamérica. En las obras se despliegan excesos de memoria que generan sociedades psicológicamente insanas, representadas como un cúmulo de pequeños grupos perversos que son incapaces de cohesión política. Ante la fragmentación de la comunidad, los deseos y demandas individuales terminan dominando la esfera pública, acorde con el contrato social formulado por el neoliberalismo

Ciencia en la selva : producción cartográfica y geográfica misionera de la Amazonia occidental en la Edad Moderna

Esta disertación examina y compara las cartografías y geografías jesuitas y franciscanas de la Amazonía occidental durante los siglos XVII y XVIII. El argumento del autor es que la conceptualización geográfica y cartográfica de la Amazonía moderna temprana no consistió en un proceso directo de producción de conocimiento. En cambio, los diversos contextos e intereses de franciscanos y jesuitas en sus relaciones con otros misioneros, con funcionarios españoles y con nativos amazónicos hicieron que el proceso de producción cartográfica y geográfica de esta región fuera más complejo y sutil de lo que se pensaba. El objetivo general de esta disertación es separar los conceptos de espacio y región de su univocalidad tradicional y, más bien, subrayar sus significados diferentes y, a veces, conflictivos. La elaboración de los primeros mapas y relatos geográficos de la Amazonía occidental respondió a dos actores separados: los misioneros de la provincia jesuita de Quito enviados a la cuenca del Alto Amazonas y los de la provincia franciscana del Perú enviados a la región de Ucayali. Para explicar adecuadamente la importancia de estos diferentes contextos para las construcciones cartográficas y geográficas de la Amazonía occidental, el presente estudio se concentra en tres factores (misioneros, nativos y redes) que hicieron posible este proceso. Esta disertación subraya la multivocalidad primitiva del nombre "Amazonas" durante la formación gradual de las visiones jesuitas y franciscanas de esta región y argumenta que sus procedimientos cartográficos, que no se ajustan a los estándares tradicionales de profesionalismo y amateurismo, reforzaron este estado de ambigüedad. Este estudio agrega otra capa de complejidad al argumentar que en el Ucayali, la producción cartográfica franciscana se basó en el conocimiento de los indios Conibo locales. Finalmente, esta disertación traza las redes misioneras que permitieron la transmisión y recepción de los trabajos geocartográficos jesuitas y franciscanos de la Amazonía. Sostiene que, mientras que los jesuitas y los funcionarios en Quito no pudieron igualar sus visiones de la Amazonía, en Perú los burócratas de finales del siglo XVIII pudieron construir sobre el centenario proyecto franciscano de una provincia amazónica autónoma. Esta disertación contribuye así a la historia de la cartografía y la geografía al centrarse en los instrumentos inciertos, la tradición nativa y las diferentes opiniones que caracterizaron la configuración cartográfica y geográfica de la Amazonía occidental moderna.Tesi

Renormalization issues for a whole abelian model

Considering that nature acts as a group, a whole abelian model is being developed. Classically, new aspects were observed as fields collective behavior and fields interacting among themselves and with mass through a global Lorentz force. This work analyzes some quantic aspects. Perturbation theory means that we know about 1-PI graphs. In a previous work, we have studied the quantum action principle, power-counting, primitively divergent graphs, Ward-Takahashi identities. This work concerns the study of counterterms and physical perturbation theory. It introduces a whole renormalization programme which informations are obtained from the common gauge parameter which establishes the fields set. It derives relationships between renormalization constants and on perturbative persistence on one asslessness field in the {A_I} set. It also argues on finitude possibilities through a whole expansion for the graphs

Re-evaluating the resource potential of lomas fog oasis environments for Preceramic hunter-gatherers under past ENSO modes on the south coast of Peru

Lomas – ephemeral seasonal oases sustained by ocean fogs – were critical to ancient human ecology on the desert Pacific coast of Peru: one of humanity’s few independent hearths of agriculture and “pristine” civilisation. The role of climate change since the Late Pleistocene in determining productivity and extent of past lomas ecosystems has been much debated. Here we reassess the resource potential of the poorly studied lomas of the south coast of Peru during the long Middle Pre-ceramic period (c. 8,000 – 4,500 BP): a period critical in the transition to agriculture, the onset of modern El Niño Southern Oscillation (‘ENSO’) conditions, and eustatic sea-level rise and stabilisation and beach progradation. Our method combines vegetation survey and herbarium collection with archaeological survey and excavation to make inferences about both Preceramic hunter-gatherer ecology and the changed palaeoenvironments in which it took place. Our analysis of newly discovered archaeological sites – and their resource context – show how lomas formations defined human ecology until the end of the Middle Preceramic Period, thereby corroborating recent reconstructions of ENSO history based on other data. Together, these suggest that a five millennia period of significantly colder seas on the south coast induced conditions of abundance and seasonal predictability in lomas and maritime ecosystems, that enabled Middle Preceramic hunter-gatherers to reduce mobility by settling in strategic locations at the confluence of multiple eco-zones at the river estuaries. Here the foundations of agriculture lay in a Broad Spectrum Revolution that unfolded, not through population pressure in deteriorating environments, but rather as an outcome of resource abundance.We thank the Ministerio de Cultural del Perú for granting permission for archaeological fieldwork (Resolución Directoral Nº 933-2012-DGPC-VMPCIC/MC, 19 December 2012 and Nº 386-2014-DGPA-VMPCIC/MC, 22 August 2014) and the export of samples for dating; Don Alberto Benavides Ganoza and the people of Samaca for facilitating fieldwork; the Leverhulme Trust (grant number RPG-117) and the late Don Alberto Benavides de la Quintana (grant number RG69428) and the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research for funding Cambridge University’s One River Archaeological Project, and the NERC Radiocarbon facility (grant number NF/2013/2/2) for funding radiocarbon dating. We also thank the Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre (SERFOR) and the Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado (SERNANP), Peru for permits for the Proyecto Kew Perú to carry out botanical and ecological survey, and Delsy Trujillo, Eric Ramírez, Consuelo Borda and other participants of the Proyecto Kew Perú: Conservación, Restauración de Hábitats y Medios de Vida Útiles, Ica, Peru.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.02

Four Bosons Electromagnetism

Based on light invariance and electric conservation a four bosons electromagnetism is proposed. It enlarges theelectric charge conservation beyond displacement current and Dirac charge to a new physical situation where the electromagnetic phenomena is mediated by the usual photon plus a massive photon and two additional charged vector bosons. Considering the enlarged abelian gauge symmetry U (1)? SO (2) transforming under a same gauge parameter a non-linear electro magnetism involving four bosons is introduced. It deploys a Lagrangian containing massless, massive and charged fields with three and four vector bosons interactions. The corresponding Noether’s relations and classical equations of motion are studied. They provide a whole dynamics involving granular, collective terms through antisymmetric and symmetric sectors. It develops a new photon equation which extends the Maxwell’s one. Self interacting photons are obtained. A four boson electromagnetic flux is derived. It expresses an electromagnetism transfering ?Q = 0 and | ?Q |= 1, not more limited to just a massless photon. There is a new electromagnetic flowing to be understood, where aside of electric charge conservation, it appears a neutral electromagnetism. There are six neutral electromagnetic charges beyond electric charge as consequences from non-linearity. Two are derived from the second Noether identity and four from variational continuity equations. An electromagnetic flux being conducted by a whole physics is generated. Based on fields set, it develops a determinism under the meaning of directive and circumstance. Interpreting that, light invariance concises the photon as directive, the photon becomes a whole maker. It assumes the symmetry command which will control the conservations laws and opportunities. Consequently, one combines the symmetry equation derived from Noether theorem with the four equations derived from variational principle, and an effective photon equation is obtained. A kind of Navier-Stokes electromagnetic flow is derived. It yields a four bosons electromagnetism preserving electric charge conservation plus introducting the meaning of chance through symmetry management

Finding Chemical Pathways Toward the Valorization of Automobile-Service-Station Wastes

Automobile-service-station wastes make for an acute environmental concern because they contain polyaromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, surfactants, and other harmful elements. An eco-friendly way to treat and take advantage of these wastes is embodied in the concept called "valorization". In the present work, valorization is described as a chemical process to remove solids from contaminated water and to stabilize oily sludge into a saponified product. Electrocoagulation and coagulation with aluminum were applied to separate oil-water emulsions and removed 99.7% of turbidity. Both coagulation processes obtained approximately 0.85 kg of treated water and 0.027 kg of dried oily sludge per kg of wastewater. A saponification process with dosages of 10% NaOH stabilized the dried oily sludge. In hopes of finding pathways to valorize wastes, chemical treatments with aluminum and NaOH obtained a product that can be used as a surfactant or as an energy source.Keywords: sludge, electrocoagulation, saponification, oil, wastewater

Feynman rules for Four Bosons Electromagnetism

A whole electromagnetism carrying four electric charge messengers is studied. Based on light invariance and conservation of electric charge, it provides a fields set {A,U, V± }. Something beyond Maxwell appears. The usual photon is accomplished by others electric charge porters, which are a massive photon plus two charged photons. They carry electromagnetic processes with charge exchange ΔQ = 0 and |ΔQ| = 1. There is still room for an electromagnetism on electric charge transmission to be understood. Through such so-called four bosons electromagnetism a new way to conduct the electric charge is proposed. It says that the electromagnetic phenomena is something more than Maxwells charge distribution. It establishes the presence of four fields association responsible for the electric charge transmission. It develops a quanta set which means electromagnetism based on eight messengers with spin-1 and spin-0 to be analysed. Thus given such fields collection AI ≡ {A,U, V± } one studies the corresponding propagations and interactions. Derive the corresponding Feynman rules for this electric charge transmission. The model shows itself renormalizable and unitary. New features are obtained as selfinteracting photons. The photon is no more necessarily coupled tothe electric charge. A diversity of coupling constants is obtained. The electromagnetism universality is on the ubiquous photon and not on the electric charge as coupling constant

Electric Charge transmission through Four Bosons

A non-Maxwellian model based on four bosons is considered. Based on an enlarged U(1)ï‚´SO(2) abeliansymmetry and preserving the postulates of light invariance and electric charge conservation its aim is to transfer electric charge ï„Q = 0 and | ï„Q|= 1 . For this, it enlarges Maxwell by associating a fields set { , , } ï‚±ï­ ï­ ï­ A U V . An electromagnetic system with four intermediary bosons is proposed. It introduces a new electric charge physics, a new electromagnetic transmission and a new photon physics. Thus, this work says that, while Maxwell electromagnetism focus on charge distribution and forces, there is still room for an electromagnetism based on charge transmission and gauge bosons. A new interpretation on the meaning of electric charge flux through gauge bosons is taken. Instead of just mediating different nature forces, the gauge bosons physics should be first understood as a mechanism for transferring energy-momentum and quantum numbers as electric charge. At this way, for electric charge transportation four connected gauge bosons are necessary. They are the photon, massive photon and two charged fields. For this, a whole quantum field theory supported on the set principle is generated. It is based on the fields family meaning associated to a same Lorentz representation (i, j) and tied up by a common gauge symmetry. Our physical case are four bosons from ) 21, 21 (representation sharing an abelian symmetry. This four set provides the physicity necessary for transmitting any electric charge value. A new perception for the electromagnetic phenomena is envisaged. It is generalized for a four fields abelian Lagrangian made of with antisymmetric and symmetric fields strengths, producing three and four abelian vertices, and generating whole relativistic equations with seven new features. It holds a dynamics carrying spin-1 and spin-0, based on granular and collective fields strengths, set determinism with directive and chance, quanta network, nonlinearity, neutral charges, photonics. A new scale for electromagnetic interaction is proposed. New intensities and range are derived through coupled nonlinear equations, massive particles and the presence of coupling constants beyond the electric charge. A light universality is obtained. Light becomes an absolute (light invariance), ubiquous (couplings constants diverse from electric charge), directive (fields set vector), contingencies producer (relativism and chance), inner light (selfinteracting photons)

Evaluación de un aditivo probiótico mas aminoácidos en el agua de bebida para aves reproductoras pesadas

Con el propósito de evaluar el efecto de la combinación de un probiótico más aminoácidos en el agua de bebida, se utilizaron 3846 reproductoras pesadas de 36 semanas de edad de la línea Cobb 500, alojados en 11 grupos y distribuidas a través de un diseño sobre cambio simple (DSCS), con dos tratamientos (sin aditivo y con aditivo) y 11 repeticiones. El aditivo estuvo compuesto de bacterias y levaduras, Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Saccharomyces spp., Streptomyces spp. y Bacillus spp., además de contener una serie de aminoácidos (Histidina, Isoleucina, Leucina, Lisina, Ácido glutámico, Metionina, Fenilalanina, Treonina, Triptófano, Valina, Alanina, Arginina, Asparagina, Cistina, Glisina, Prolina y Serina). Se evaluó producción, características, peso y masa de huevo así como conversión alimenticia y mortalidad. Los resultados fueron analizados a través del análisis de variancia y los promedios comparados por la prueba de Tukey. Los parámetros productivos no mostraron variación significativa (P>0.05) entre tratamientos, excepto el porcentaje de postura. El uso del aditivo mejoró el peso promedio de huevo (P<0.01), disminuyó el porcentaje de huevo piso (P<0.05) y de huevo grande (P<0.01), y aumentó el porcentaje de huevo deformes (P<0.01). Se concluye que el uso de probióticos más aminoácidos no necesariamente genera resultados satisfactorios en aves reproductoras pesadas.With the purpose of evaluating the effect of the combination of a probiotic one more amino acids in the drink water, there were used 3846 heavy reproductive birds of 36 weeks of age of the line Cobb 500, lodged in 11 groups and distributed across a design on simple change (DSCS), with two treatments (without additive and with additive) and 11 repetitions. The additive was composed of bacteria and yeasts, Lactobacillus spp. , Bifidobacterium spp. , Saccharomyces spp. , Streptomyces spp. and Bacillus spp. , in addition to containing a series of amino acids (Histidina, Isoleucina, Leucina, Lisina, glutámico Acid, Metionina, Fenilalanina, Treonina, Triptófano, Valina, Alanina, Arginina, Asparagina, Cistina, Glisina, Prolina and Serina). There was evaluated production, characteristics, weight and mass of egg as well as feed conversion and mortality. The resul ts were analyzed across the variance analysis and the averages compared by the test of Tukey. The productive parameters did not show significant change (P>0.05) between treatments, except the percentage of posture. The use of the additive improved the average egg weight (P<0.01), decreased the percentage of floor egg (P<0.05) and of big egg (P<0.01), and there increased the percentage of egg deformed (P<0.01). It is concluded that the use of probiótics more amino acids does not necessarily generates satisfactory results in heavy reproductive birds.Tesi