Alpacas and Ecosystems Management

Alpacas are a species that present physiological, anatomical, morphological and behavioural distinctive characteristics compared to other species used in animal production. Empirical observation of a herd, grazing under time management controlled conditions, allowed to approximate some initial observations about the effect of alpacas in the management of ecosystems. Larger green matter availability in the paddocks grazed by alpacas, evident natural weed control, better plants distribution and increasing stocking capacity were the relevant observed issues. It is considered that the special behavioural characteristics of alpacas in terms of excretion habits, low hoof pressure, food conversion efficiency and grazing habits should be factors to be rigourously studied to explore the value of alpacas as an environmentally friendly species.Sustainable farm management, farming systems research, alpacas, Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries,

Efectos de una intervención educativa en los conocimientos y comportamientos relacionados con la fotoprotección durante la práctica de la actividad física en los estudiantes de un colegio público de Bogotá D.C., Colombia

Introducción: La incidencia del cáncer de piel melanoma y no melanoma es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. El incremento en la incidencia del cáncer de piel en los últimos años se debe a múltiples factores como: cambios en los estilos de vida, el envejecimiento de la población, cambios ambientales, el desconocimiento a la exposición a la radiación ultravioleta (RUV) durante la práctica de actividad física sin elementos de fotoprotección, siendo éste último reconocido como el principal factor de riesgo. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de una intervención educativa en los conocimientos y comportamientos relacionados con la fotoprotección durante la práctica de la actividad física en estudiantes de un colegio público de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Métodos: Estudio de intervención, antes y después, no controlado en 281 estudiantes de los grados noveno, décimo y once de estratos 1-3 de un colegio público de Bogotá, con seguimiento a 1, 3 y 6 meses post-intervención. Se evaluaron los conocimientos y los hábitos de fotoprotección mediante un cuestionario Cancer Awareness Measure (CAM) y el modelo Transteórico de cambio comportamental de Prochaska y Di Clemente. El estudio se realizó durante el primer semestre de 2015 con 4 sesiones educativas de 60 minutos apoyadas con material audiovisual y pedagógico, acorde a la Guía para la Comunicación Educativa en el marco el control del cáncer publicada por el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Resultados: Del grupo de estudiantes que participaron del estudio, el 52,3% eran hombres, el promedio de edad fue de 15,46 ± 1,2 años. El tipo de piel predominante fue la trigueña con 65,8%. La intervención educativa produjo cambios significativos en los conocimientos de foto protección, finalizado el seguimiento al sexto mes. En cuanto a la prevención los estudiantes refirieron tener conocimiento de cómo examinar su piel en el momento basal (12,5% n=35), presentándose un aumento significativo de 62,6% (n=211) al sexto mes (p<0,05). Conclusión: El estudio demostró la efectividad de la intervención educativa, evidenciando cambios significativos en los conocimientos en fotoprotección y comportamientos preventivos del cáncer de piel durante la práctica de la actividad física en estudiantes de un colegio público de Bogotá D.C., Colombia.Introduction: Skin cancer melanoma and non-melanoma incidence rate is a worldwide health problem. In recent years, increased incidence statistics of skin cancer is attributed to factors such as, lifestyles, ageing population, environmental changes, and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure, among others. Moreover, increased physical activity without elements of photoprotection is driven by the lack of knowledge of the risks associated to UVR exposure, which is recognized as the major risk factor. Objective: To assess the effects on students’ knowledge and behavior of a content-based learning intervention in photoprotection during the practice of physical activity in students of a public school in Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Methods: The Content-related learning intervention was applied to 281 students in year nine, ten and eleven of a public school in Bogotá. It was developed at the beginning and at the end of the research and there was not a controlled group. The students involved in the study were from unprivileged backgrounds (1-3) and a follow-up at 1, 3 and 6 months was evaluated after the initial learning intervention. The level of knowledge on photoprotection was measured through a questionnaire called Cancer Awareness Measure (CAM) and the behavioral changes were recorded by Transtheoretical behavioral change model of Prochaska and Di Clemente. The study was conducted in the first semester of 2015 with Four 60-minute content-related learning sessions supported with audiovisual and pedagogical materials, according to the Guidelines for Educational Communication in cancer control framework published by the National Cancer Institute. Results: The students involved in this research, 52.3% were male and the average age was 15.46 ± 1.2 years. The predominant skin type was swarthy with a value of 65.8% of the total of the students involved. The learning intervention produced significant changes in knowledge of photoprotection at the end of the monitoring (sixth months). As a way of preventing, the students reported having knowledge of how to examine their skin at baseline (12.5% n = 35), presenting a significant increase of 62.6% (n = 211) in the sixth month (p <0 05). Conclusion: The study demonstrated the effectiveness of learning intervention by showing significant changes in knowledge and preventive behavior in photoprotection skin cancer during the practice of physical activity in students of a public school in Bogotá D.C., Colombia.Universidad del Rosari

Strain effect and intermixing at the Si surface: A hybrid quantum and molecular mechanics study

We investigate Ge mixing at the Si(001) surface and characterize the $2\times N$ Si(001) reconstruction by means of hybrid quantum and molecular mechanics calculations (QM/MM). Avoiding fake elastic dampening, this scheme allows to correctly take into account long range deformation induced by reconstruted and defective surfaces. We focus in particular on the dimer vacancy line (DVL) and its interaction with Ge adatoms. We first show that calculated formation energies for these defects are highly dependent on the choice of chemical potential and that the latter must be chosen carefully. Characterizing the effect of the DVL on the deformation field, we also find that the DVL favors Ge segregation in the fourth layer close to the DVL. Using the activation-relaxation technique (ART nouveau) and QM/MM, we show that a complex diffusion path permits the substitution of the Ge atom in the fourth layer, with barriers compatible with mixing observed at intermediate temperature.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, 3 table

Total Brachial Artery Reactivity and Incident Heart Failure and Heart Failure Sub-Types: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between total brachial artery reactivity (TBAR) and the cumulative risk of incident heart failure (HF), HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in a community-based study. Methods: Sample included 5,499 participants (45-84 years of age) from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline. Brachial artery ultrasound was performed after five minutes of cuff occlusion at the right forearm. TBAR was calculated as the difference between maximum and minimum brachial artery diameters following cuff release, divided by the minimum diameter multiplied by 100%. A dichotomous TBAR variable was created based on the median value (below or above 7.9%). Participants with EF≤40% were considered HFrEF and those with EF ≥ 50% were considered HFpEF. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Over a mean follow-up period of 12.5 years, incident HF was diagnosed in 250 participants; 98 classified as HFrEF, 106 as HFpEF, and 46 with unknown or borderline EF (41-49%). Crude analysis revealed that those with TBAR below the median have significantly higher risk of HF (HR 1.46; 95% CI 1.13-1.88, pConclusion:Lower TBAR values were associated with higher rates of incident HF and HFrEF, suggesting a possible role of endothelial dysfunction in HF pathogenesis. The impact of other known HF risk factors may mediate this relationship, thus further research is warranted

Awakening to Judaism and Jews in Christian Preaching

Preaching is a daring undertaking. Whether through music, sermons, reading scripture, or personal conversation, speaking of God is an interpretive act. One never quite knows how what one plays, says, writes, or depicts is received. The distance between minds is vast. And given that every set of eyes may read the same words differently and each set of ears hear each interpretive utterance differently, hoping to communicate meaningfully with those watching and listening is nothing short of audacious. Among these challenges, one of the most delicate is preaching on Judaism and Jews. Yet Christians cannot avoid it. Judaism and Christianity are one another’s nemeses. Some biblical texts lend themselves to anti-Jewish attitudes and stereotypes that may be unrecognized so deep is Christian contempt for Jews and Judaism. This paper offers suggestions for avoiding anti-Jewish preaching. To do that effectively it will be necessary to awaken a sensibility to the concern that pervades and penetrates Christian thought. That requires slogging through some “unprettiness.” The paper first illustrates anti-Jewish preaching by interrogating a popular text, Luke’s story of the Pharisee and the tax collector. It then briefly considers Christian hymns and sacred choral music and then focuses on four sermons: The Letter to the Hebrews, Melito of Sardis’s On Passover, Augustine’s sermon 122 on John 1:48-51, and a recent sermon on Galatians 3:23-29. It concludes with suggestions for preachers, musicians and congregations and includes guidelines for preaching on Jews and Judaism and a bibliography for further study

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND COMPANY: AN APPROXIMATION FROM THE AUSTRIAN SCHOOL

This article provides a theoretical review of the categories Entrepreneurship and Company following the approach of the Austrian School, which has a major influence on management studies in our current capitalist society. It provides a description of entrepreneurship, businessman, entrepreneur, and company aiming at making a case for possible research studies in administration that provide a theoretical foundation for creating new companies and strengthening businesses worldwide. It also emphasizes the economic theory of companies presented by Cantillon and continued by Menger, Schumpeter, Hayek, Mises, and Kirzner. These two last authors have made a transition from the economic notion of businessman towards organizational economy with a holistic vision, incorporating social and psychological elements in its development.

Diseño metodológico

5 p.El enfoque epistemológico elegido para el desarrollo de la investigación fue el cuantitativo descriptivo, pues comprendió la descripción, registro, análisis e interpretación de la situación de las áreas de acción estatal para la reparación integral de las víctimas del conflicto armado en el marco de la justicia transicional.Metodología Población Caracterización de la muestra Corte Constitucional Consejo de Estad

El precedente jurisprudencial

75 p.El análisis del precedente jurisprudencial de la Corte Constitucional colombiana respecto de su postura en relación con las áreas de acción estatal: verdad, justicia, reparación y garantías de no repetición, para la reparación de las víctimas del conflicto armado en el marco de la justicia transicional se desarrolla con base en veinte (20) sentencias distribuidas entre 2010 y 2014. Inicialmente se analizó el pronunciamiento C-936 de 2010, en el que la Corte Constitucional conoció de la demanda de inconstitucionalidad referida contra el numeral 17 y el parágrafo 3 del artículo 2 de la Ley 1312 de 2009, por vulnerar el orden justo y los derechos de las víctimas, desconocer el deber del Estado de investigar y juzgar las graves violaciones de los derechos humanos y sobrepasar los límites para la aplicación del principio de oportunidad.El precedente jurisprudencial de la Corte Constitucional Justicia Verdad Reparación Reparaciones por vía judicial Reparaciones por vía administrativa El precedente jurisprudencial del Consejo de Estado Verda