Évaluation intrinsèque et extrinsèque du nettoyage de pages Web

International audienceIn this article, we tackle the problem of evaluation of web page cleaning tools. This task is seldom studied in the literature although it has consequences on the linguistic processing performed on web-based corpora. We propose two types of evaluation : (I) an intrinsic (content-based) evaluation with measures on words, tags and characters ; (II) an extrinsic (task-based) evaluation on the same corpus by studying the effects of the cleaning step on the performances of an NLP pipeline. We show that the results are not consistent in both evaluations. We show as well that there are important differences in the results between the studied languages. We conclude that the choice of a web page cleaning tool should be made in view of the aimed task rather than on the performances of the tools in an intrinsic evaluation.Le nettoyage de documents issus du web est une tâche importante pour le TAL en général et pour la constitution de corpus en particulier. Cette phase est peu traitée dans la littérature, pourtant elle n'est pas sans influence sur la qualité des informations extraites des corpus. Nous proposons deux types d'évaluation de cette tâche de détourage : (I) une évaluation intrinsèque fondée sur le contenu en mots, balises et caractères ; (II) une évaluation extrinsèque fondée sur la tâche, en examinant l'effet du détourage des documents sur le système placé en aval de la chaîne de traitement. Nous montrons que les résultats ne sont pas cohérents entre ces deux évaluations ainsi qu'entre les différentes langues. Ainsi, le choix d'un outil de détourage devrait être guidé par la tâche visée plutôt que par la simple évaluation intrinsèque

Impact of early initiation versus national standard of care of antiretroviral therapy in Swaziland's public sector health system : study protocol for a stepped-wedge randomized trial

Background: There is robust clinical evidence to support offering early access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) to all HIV-positive individuals, irrespective of disease stage, to both improve patient health outcomes and reduce HIV incidence. However, as the global treatment guidelines shift to meet this evidence, it is still largely unknown if early access to ART for all (also referred to as "treatment as prevention" or " universal test and treat") is a feasible intervention in the resource-limited countries where this approach could have the biggest impact on the course of the HIV epidemics. The MaxART Early Access to ART for All (EAAA) implementation study was designed to determine the feasibility, acceptability, clinical outcomes, affordability, and scalability of offering early antiretroviral treatment to all HIV-positive individuals in Swaziland's public sector health system. Methods: This is a three-year stepped-wedge randomized design with open enrollment for all adults aged 18 years and older across 14 government-managed health facilities in Swaziland's Hhohho Region. Primary endpoints are retention and viral suppression. Secondary endpoints include ART initiation, adherence, drug resistance, tuberculosis, HIV disease progression, patient satisfaction, and cost per patient per year. Sites are grouped to transition two at a time from the control (standard of care) to intervention (EAAA) stage at each four-month step. This design will result in approximately one half of the total observation time to accrue in the intervention arm and the other half in the control arm. Our estimated enrolment number, which is supported by conservative power calculations, is 4501 patients over the course of the 36-month study period. A multidisciplinary, mixed-methods approach will be adopted to supplement the randomized controlled trial and meet the study aims. Additional study components include implementation science, social science, economic evaluation, and predictive HIV incidence modeling. Discussion: A stepped-wedge randomized design is a causally strong and robust approach to determine if providing antiretroviral treatment for all HIV-positive individuals is a feasible intervention in a resource-limited, public sector health system. We expect our study results to contribute to health policy decisions related to the HIV response in Swaziland and other countries in sub-Saharan Africa

Assessment and management of pain/nociception in patients with disorders of consciousness or locked-in syndrome: A narrative review

The assessment and management of pain and nociception is very challenging in patients unable to communicate functionally such as patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) or in locked-in syndrome (LIS). In a clinical setting, the detection of signs of pain and nociception by the medical staff is therefore essential for the wellbeing and management of these patients. However, there is still a lot unknown and a lack of clear guidelines regarding the assessment, management and treatment of pain and nociception in these populations. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the current knowledge regarding this issue by covering different topics such as: the neurophysiology of pain and nociception (in healthy subjects and patients), the source and impact of nociception and pain in DoC and LIS and, finally, the assessment and treatment of pain and nociception in these populations. In this review we will also give possible research directions that could help to improve the management of this specific population of severely brain damaged patients

Early access to antiretroviral therapy versus standard of care among HIV-positive participants in Eswatini in the public health sector : the MaxART stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial

Introduction The WHO recommends antiretroviral treatment (ART) for all HIV-positive patients regardless of CD4 count or disease stage, referred to as "Early Access to ART for All" (EAAA). The health systems effects of EAAA implementation are unknown. This trial was implemented in a government-managed public health system with the aim to examine the "real world" impact of EAAA on care retention and viral suppression. Methods In this stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial, 14 public sector health facilities in Eswatini were paired and randomly assigned to stepwise transition from standard of care (SoC) to EAAA. ART-naive participants >= 18 years who were not pregnant or breastfeeding were eligible for enrolment. We used Cox proportional hazard models with censoring at clinic transition to estimate the effects of EAAA on retention in care and retention and viral suppression combined. Results Between September 2014 and August 2017, 3405 participants were enrolled. In SoC and EAAA respectively, 12-month HIV care retention rates were 80% (95% CI: 77 to 83) and 86% (95% CI: 83 to 88). The 12-month combined retention and viral suppression endpoint rates were 44% (95% CI: 40 to 48) under SoC compared to 80% (95% CI: 77 to 83) under EAAA. EAAA increased both retention (HR: 1 center dot 60, 95% CI: 1 center dot 15 to 2 center dot 21,p = 0.005) and retention and viral suppression combined (HR: 4.88, 95% CI: 2.96 to 8.05,p < 0.001). We also identified significant gaps in current health systems ability to provide viral load (VL) monitoring with 80% participants in SoC and 66% in EAAA having a missing VL at last contact. Conclusions The observed improvement in retention in care and on the combined retention and viral suppression provides an important co-benefit of EAAA to HIV-positive adults themselves, at least in the short term. Our results from this "real world" health systems trial strongly support EAAA for Eswatini and countries with similar HIV epidemics and health systems. VL monitoring needs to be scaled up for appropriate care management

La chasse à l'hippopotame d'Amenemhat, intendant du vizir Ouser. Lecture sémiologique de la scène

Lejeune Charlotte. La chasse à l'hippopotame d'Amenemhat, intendant du vizir Ouser. Lecture sémiologique de la scène. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 31, n°2, 2005. pp. 137-163

Infections nosocomiales du post partum sur cinq années d'étude au CHU de Brest

BREST-BU Médecine-Odontologie (290192102) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Infection urinaire à entérocoque de l'enfant (à propos de 10 cas)

PARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocCentre Technique Livre Ens. Sup. (774682301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Évaluation intrinsèque et extrinsèque du nettoyage de pages Web

International audienceIn this article, we tackle the problem of evaluation of web page cleaning tools. This task is seldom studied in the literature although it has consequences on the linguistic processing performed on web-based corpora. We propose two types of evaluation : (I) an intrinsic (content-based) evaluation with measures on words, tags and characters ; (II) an extrinsic (task-based) evaluation on the same corpus by studying the effects of the cleaning step on the performances of an NLP pipeline. We show that the results are not consistent in both evaluations. We show as well that there are important differences in the results between the studied languages. We conclude that the choice of a web page cleaning tool should be made in view of the aimed task rather than on the performances of the tools in an intrinsic evaluation.Le nettoyage de documents issus du web est une tâche importante pour le TAL en général et pour la constitution de corpus en particulier. Cette phase est peu traitée dans la littérature, pourtant elle n'est pas sans influence sur la qualité des informations extraites des corpus. Nous proposons deux types d'évaluation de cette tâche de détourage : (I) une évaluation intrinsèque fondée sur le contenu en mots, balises et caractères ; (II) une évaluation extrinsèque fondée sur la tâche, en examinant l'effet du détourage des documents sur le système placé en aval de la chaîne de traitement. Nous montrons que les résultats ne sont pas cohérents entre ces deux évaluations ainsi qu'entre les différentes langues. Ainsi, le choix d'un outil de détourage devrait être guidé par la tâche visée plutôt que par la simple évaluation intrinsèque

Évaluation intrinsèque et extrinsèque du nettoyage de pages Web

International audienceIn this article, we tackle the problem of evaluation of web page cleaning tools. This task is seldom studied in the literature although it has consequences on the linguistic processing performed on web-based corpora. We propose two types of evaluation : (I) an intrinsic (content-based) evaluation with measures on words, tags and characters ; (II) an extrinsic (task-based) evaluation on the same corpus by studying the effects of the cleaning step on the performances of an NLP pipeline. We show that the results are not consistent in both evaluations. We show as well that there are important differences in the results between the studied languages. We conclude that the choice of a web page cleaning tool should be made in view of the aimed task rather than on the performances of the tools in an intrinsic evaluation.Le nettoyage de documents issus du web est une tâche importante pour le TAL en général et pour la constitution de corpus en particulier. Cette phase est peu traitée dans la littérature, pourtant elle n'est pas sans influence sur la qualité des informations extraites des corpus. Nous proposons deux types d'évaluation de cette tâche de détourage : (I) une évaluation intrinsèque fondée sur le contenu en mots, balises et caractères ; (II) une évaluation extrinsèque fondée sur la tâche, en examinant l'effet du détourage des documents sur le système placé en aval de la chaîne de traitement. Nous montrons que les résultats ne sont pas cohérents entre ces deux évaluations ainsi qu'entre les différentes langues. Ainsi, le choix d'un outil de détourage devrait être guidé par la tâche visée plutôt que par la simple évaluation intrinsèque