Pairings in Cryptology: efficiency, security and applications

Abstract The study of pairings can be considered in so many di�erent ways that it may not be useless to state in a few words the plan which has been adopted, and the chief objects at which it has aimed. This is not an attempt to write the whole history of the pairings in cryptology, or to detail every discovery, but rather a general presentation motivated by the two main requirements in cryptology; e�ciency and security. Starting from the basic underlying mathematics, pairing maps are con- structed and a major security issue related to the question of the minimal embedding �eld [12]1 is resolved. This is followed by an exposition on how to compute e�ciently the �nal exponentiation occurring in the calculation of a pairing [124]2 and a thorough survey on the security of the discrete log- arithm problem from both theoretical and implementational perspectives. These two crucial cryptologic requirements being ful�lled an identity based encryption scheme taking advantage of pairings [24]3 is introduced. Then, perceiving the need to hash identities to points on a pairing-friendly elliptic curve in the more general context of identity based cryptography, a new technique to efficiently solve this practical issue is exhibited. Unveiling pairings in cryptology involves a good understanding of both mathematical and cryptologic principles. Therefore, although �rst pre- sented from an abstract mathematical viewpoint, pairings are then studied from a more practical perspective, slowly drifting away toward cryptologic applications

SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AMONG ENGLISH AS FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS: LESSONS FROM TRENDS IN BENIN REPUBLIC

This study examines Social Interactions on Instructional Practices among EFL Teachers in some secondary schools in Benin Republic. The methodology guiding the research is induced by the study typology. It considers a sampled population of seventy- seven 77 respondents made up of male and female teachers of English. The data collection tools adopted to operationalize the research are questionnaire and interview guide. Data emanating from the questionnaire harvest are disaggregated along the frequency and percentage lines. As for the interview data they are analyzed against the backdrop of the research questions. The findings of the study reveal four interactions types among EFL teachers. Those are mainly collaboration, individualism, contrived collegiality and balkanization. The study also comes up with the view that EFL teachers’ instructional practices are significantly influenced by social interactions. Therefore, it is important that educational authorities promote social interactions among teachers in order to enhance effective teaching and learning of English language

Percepción del clima social familiar y conductas sexuales de riesgo, según el sexo, en adolescentes de 14 a 20 años que concurren a los consultorios externos de un hospital provincial de Villa Gobernador Gálvez

Estudio Observacional Descriptivo Transversal ProspectivoLa adolescencia es una etapa de búsqueda de identidad en la cual se generan conductas de riesgos, entre ellas, las relacionadas con la sexualidad, afectando directamente el desarrollo familiar y social. Las conductas sexuales de riesgo representan la exposición de los adolescentes a una o varias situaciones que comprometen la salud sexual y reproductiva. Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo describir la relación que existe entre la percepción del clima social familiar y las conductas sexuales de riesgo, según el sexo, de los adolescentes de 14 a 20 años que concurren de manera ambulatoria a los consultorios externos de un hospital provincial de Villa Gobernador Gálvez durante el primer semestre de 2022. Será un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo; con una población de aproximadamente 100 adolescentes de 14 a 20 años. El tipo de muestreo será no probabilístico. La recolección de los datos se realizará mediante dos cuestionarios, la escala del clima social familiar de R.H. Moos, B.S. Moos y E.J., Trickett; y la Escala de conductas sexuales de riesgos de Ingledew y Ferguson. Se utilizará estadística descriptiva y se realizará análisis univariado y bivariado para la comparación de las variables en estudio, utilizando el programa estadístico SSPS. Los datos serán presentados en gráficos de barra y en tablas de distribución de frecuencia.Fil: Charlemagne, Yvelande. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería. Maestría en administración de Servicios de Enfermería. Rosario; Argentin

SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AND INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AMONG ENGLISH AS FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS: LESSONS FROM TRENDS IN BENIN REPUBLIC

This study examines Social Interactions on Instructional Practices among EFL Teachers in some secondary schools in Benin Republic. The methodology guiding the research is induced by the study typology. It considers a sampled population of seventy- seven 77 respondents made up of male and female teachers of English. The data collection tools adopted to operationalize the research are questionnaire and interview guide. Data emanating from the questionnaire harvest are disaggregated along the frequency and percentage lines. As for the interview data they are analyzed against the backdrop of the research questions. The findings of the study reveal four interactions types among EFL teachers. Those are mainly collaboration, individualism, contrived collegiality and balkanization. The study also comes up with the view that EFL teachers’ instructional practices are significantly influenced by social interactions. Therefore, it is important that educational authorities promote social interactions among teachers in order to enhance effective teaching and learning of English language

Therapeutic management of uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux disease in france in 2005: Potential cost savings of omeprazole substitution

AbstractBackground: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) cost the French health care system >€1 billion in 2005, and ~50% of PPI prescriptions were for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Objectives: This study aimed to describe the current use of PPIs for GERD, to estimate the total annual costs of treatment, and to evaluate the economic impact of the various possible substitutions among PPIs available for this indication in France.Methods: Data from a sample of patients aged ≥20 years who visited their general practitioner (GP) at least once in 2005 for uncomplicated, symptomatic GERD were retrieved from the Thales database (a group of 1200 representative GPs connected to a computerized network). Costs of the prescriptions presented for reimbursement and costs of those reimbursed by the French health care insurance system were analyzed. We then evaluated the economic consequences of replacing full-dose generic omeprazole (after substitution from brand-name omeprazole by the pharmacists) with other compounds that are indicated for mild symptoms at half dose (ie, lansoprazole 15 mg, pantoprazole 20 mg, rabeprazole 10 mg, and esomeprazole 20 mg). The results were adjusted to account for the proportions of patients who had full health care coverage and the treatment duration as reported in the database. Results are presented from the perspective of the French health care insurance system.Results: In 2005, a total of 122,571 patients (mean age, 55.7 years; 45.5% men; 13.8% with a history of at least 1 gastrointestinal disorder) met the inclusion criteria. Extrapolated to the French population, this sample corresponded to ≈5.7 million people (ie, 13% of the adult population who visited a GP during the year). PPIs were prescribed as first-line treatment for GERD in 84.1% of the consultations (14.3% in association with other antiulcer drugs). Omeprazole, as a proprietary or generic drug, was prescribed most often (78.9%) and at full dose (20 mg), while other compounds (lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, and esomeprazole) were prescribed at half dose in 64.3% of cases. The extrapolated annual cost of PPIs reimbursed for this indication was €465.02 million at a mean reimbursement level of 72.7%. Brand-name omeprazole still accounted for ≈11% of the total cost reimbursed. Complete replacement of brand-name omeprazole with its generic counterpart would have reduced costs by €18.35 million (a decrease of 4.3% in the total reimbursed expenditure). The switch from generic full-dose omeprazole to a half dose of other PPIs would have allowed further savings ranging from €2.59 million (with lansoprazole) to €13.19 million (with pantoprazole).Conclusion: In accordance with recent recommendations for the treatment of uncomplicated GERD and based on the 2006 PPI pricing, switching from branded full-dose omeprazole to generic omeprazole or to the use of half doses of other PPIs may allow cost savings in France