Est de la Haute-Saône

En 1997, les prospections dans la partie est de la Haute-Saône se sont poursuivies, sans privilégier une zone particulière, tout en tentant de rentrer en relation avec les professionnels de la forêt et les prospecteurs clandestins. Les 79 agents et techniciens de l’Office national des forêts (ONF) du secteur prospecté ont été sollicités afin d’apporter leurs observations sur des sites en milieu boisé. Ils ont permis la découverte d’un site inédit. Le contact avec plusieurs équipes de prospect..

Morphological scoring of human pronuclear zygotes for prediction of pregnancy outcome

BACKGROUND: As embryo selection is not allowed by law in Switzerland, we need a single early scoring system to identify zygotes with high implantation potential and to select zygotes for fresh transfer or cryopreservation. The underlying aim is to maximize the cumulated pregnancy rate while limiting the number of multiple pregnancies. METHODS: In all, 613 fresh and 617 frozen-thawed zygotes were scored for proximity, orientation and centring of the pronuclei, cytoplasmic halo, and number and polarization of the nucleolar precursor bodies. From these individual scores, a cumulated pronuclear score (CPNS) was calculated. Correlation between CPNS and implantation was examined and compared between fresh and frozen-thawed zygotes. The effect of freezing on CPNS was also investigated. RESULTS: CPNS was positively associated with embryo implantation in both fresh and frozen zygotes. With similar CPNS, frozen zygotes presented implantation rates as high as those of fresh zygotes. Nucleolar precursor bodies pattern and cytoplasmic halo appeared as the most important factors predictive of implantation for both types of zygotes, while pronuclei position was specifically relevant for frozen-thawed zygotes. Freezing induced an alteration of most zygote parameters, resulting in a significantly lower CPNS and a lower pregnancy rate. CONCLUSIONS: CPNS may be used as a single prognostic tool for implantation of both fresh and frozen-thawed zygotes. Lower CPNS values of frozen-thawed zygotes may also be indicative of freezing damage to zygotes. Successful implantation of frozen zygotes despite lower CPNS suggests that they may recover after thawing and in vitro cultur

What is the most relevant standard of success in assisted reproduction?: The cumulated singleton/twin delivery rates per oocyte pick-up: the CUSIDERA and CUTWIDERA

National and international registries are essential tools for establishing new standards and comparing success rates, but they do not take into account the total pregnancy/delivery rate per oocyte recovery. In Switzerland and Germany, because of legal constraints, a maximum of three two-pronuclear zygotes are allocated for transfer whereas all the supernumerary pronuclear zygotes are immediately cryopreserved, preventing selection of the transferred embryos. We report on a 10 years' experience (1993-2002) of our centre which performs transfers of unselected embryos and cryopreservation at the two-pronuclear zygote stage. As ∼30% of all deliveries are from cryo cycles, it is essential to take into account the contribution of the cryo transfers, and we propose therefore to evaluate, as a measure of IVF performance, the cumulated delivery rate per oocyte pick-up. This delivery rate is broken down further into the cumulated singleton delivery rate (CUSIDERA) and the cumulated twin delivery rate (CUTWIDERA). The sum (S) of these two rates is a measure of efficacy while the ratio CUTWIDERA/S as a percentage is a measure of safety of IVF treatments. Using these new indexes, the average 10 year efficacy and safety of our IVF programme were 26 and 19%, respectively. Both CUSIDERA and CUTWIDERA can be calculated easily in any clinical situation and yield useful parameters for patient counselling and internal/external benchmarking purpose

La tempête de verglas : une occasion d’étudier les effets du stress prénatal chez l’enfant et la mère

Depuis plusieurs années, des études ont démontré que les événements stressants pendant la grossesse affectent le niveau de développement neurologique, de même que le fonctionnement cognitif et psychologique ultérieurs de l'enfant. Par exemple, Mednick (1997) a examiné l'impact d'un important séisme survenu en Chine sur le développement intellectuel et psychologique d'enfants à naître. Vingt-trois ans plus tard, des différences significatives dans le fonctionnement intellectuel, la dépression et la taille de certaines régions du cerveau ont été constatées chez ce groupe en comparaison aux enfants du groupe témoin. Des événements de moindre envergure, tels un divorce ou la perte d'emploi durant la grossesse, peuvent également augmenter l'incidence des complications obstétricales et avoir un impact sur le fonctionnement neurologique du bébé, son poids à la naissance et la circonférence de sa tête. Le décès du père ou l'exposition à un désastre naturel durant la grossesse ont été associés à la dépression, à la schizophrénie et à la criminalité à l'âge adulte. Divers effets adverses reliés aux événements stressants ont aussi été notés chez les primates. L'ensemble de ces études suggèrent que le second trimestre de la grossesse constitue une période critique pendant laquelle les événements stressants peuvent affecter le développement du foetus. Des contraintes méthodologiques nuisent actuellement à la recherche sur le stress prénatal maternel. Les études sur des animaux offrent d'excellents contrôles des environnements prénatal et postnatal. Cependant, les résultats de ces études sont difficilement applicables à l'humain à cause de la présence chez ce dernier, de nombreux facteurs de risque ou de protection absents chez les animaux. De plus, on ne peut assigner les stresseurs de façon aléatoire, dans les études sur les effets des événements de vie pendant la grossesse humaine. En effet, les traits de personnalité de la mère peuvent être transmis certes génétiquement mais également au niveau du développement. Par ailleurs, les enfants d'une mère avec de telles difficultés de personnalité sont exposés à plus d'événements de vie prénatale. D'autre part, la majorité des études sur l'humain ont une variance restreinte car il faut un très vaste échantillon de femmes enceintes pour garantir un nombre suffisant de sujets ayant vécu des événements de vie majeurs. Finalement, les études rétrospectives démontrant un lien entre un risque élevé de schizophrénie ou de dépression et des événements prénataux n'incluent pas de mesures prises sur le champ de la gravité objective ou de la manifestation biologique du stress. Nous présentons ici une revue de littérature portant sur le stress prénatal suivie d'une discussion sur comment la tempête de verglas de 1998 pourrait être utilisée pour faire la lumière sur des questions telles que les mécanismes par lesquels le stress prénatal exerce une influence sur la santé mentale du foetus.Over the last several years, studies have shown that stressful experiences during the pregnancy can predict levels of neurological development, as well as cognitive and psychological functioning, during childhood and adulthood. For example, Mednick (1997) has been studying the effects of a major earthquake in China on the psychological and intellectual development of the unborn child. Twenty-three years after the quake, significant differences have been found between the earthquake group and a control group born one year later in terms of intellectual functioning, depression, and the size of certain brain regions. Less severe events, such as a divorce or job loss during the pregnancy, may also increase the risk of obstetric complications and may have an effect on the baby's neurological well being, weight and head circumference at birth. Death of the baby's father during the pregnancy and natural disasters have both been associated with increased rates of depression, schizophrenia and criminality in adulthood. Several of these same effects have been found in studies of prenatal stress in non-human primates. Many of these studies suggest that the second trimester of pregnancy is a particularly critical period during which stressful events may compromise development of the fetus. Methodological constraints limit research on prenatal maternal stress. Animal studies are able to control for pre- and postnatal environments. However, animal studies have limited generalizability to humans for whom numerous risk and protective factors are in operation. Studies of human pregnancies cannot randomly assign subjects to stress conditions. Maternal personality and temperament may be associated with characteristics of a woman's child not only through genetic transmission of personality, but possibly also through differential exposure to difficult life conditions which may, in part, be self-imposed. In addition, studies of prenatal life events in humans have severely restricted variance; very large samples of women must be screened to identify even small numbers of women who have experienced major life events during the pregnancy. Finally, follow-back studies which show an association between prenatal events and later rates of mental illness, do not include timely evaluations of actual rates of exposure to the event, nor the pregnant woman's subjective or biological reactions to the event. In this paper, we present a review of the literature on prenatal maternal stress followed by a discussion of how the January 1998 Québec ice storm could be used to study the mechanisms by which prenatal stress may influence mental health outcomes in the unborn child.Desde hace varios años, estudios han demostrado que los hechos estresantes durante el embarazo afectan el grado de desarrollo neurológico, como posteriormente el funcionamiento cognoscitivo y psicológico del niño. Por ejemplo, Mednick (1997) examinó el impacto de un terremoto importante occurrido en China en el desarrollo intelectual y psicológico del futuro niño. Veintitres años después, diferencias significativas fueron constatadas en en funcionamiento intelectual, la depresión y la dimensión de ciertas regiones del cerebro en este grupo, comparativamente a un grupo testigo. Hechos de menor envergadura como el divorcio o la pérdida del empleo durante el embarazo pueden igualmente aumentar la incidencia de las complicaciones obstétricas y tener un impacto en el funcionamiento neurológico del bebé, su peso en el nacimiento y la circunferencia de la cabeza. La muerte del padre o la exposición a un desastre natural durante el embarazo han sido asociados a la depresión, la esquizofrenia y la criminalidad en la edad adulta. Diversos efectos adversos ligados a hechos estresantes también han sido notados en los primates. El conjunto de estos estudios sugieren que el segundo trimestre del embarazo constituye un período crítico durante el cual los eventos estresantes pueden afectar el desarrollo del feto. Impedimentos metodológicos afectan actualmente la investigación sobre el estrés perinatal materno. Los estudios con animales ofrecen excelentes controles del medio perinatal y postnatal. Sin embargo los resultados de estos estudios dificilmente son aplicables al ser humano a causa de la presencia de numerosos factores de riesgo o de protección, ausentes en los animales. Además, en los estudios sobre los efectos de los eventos de vida durante el embarazo no se puede asignar estresores de forma aleatoria. En efecto, los rasgos de personalidad de la madre pueden ser transmitidos genéticamante, pero también en el curso del desarrollo. Entre otras, los niños de una madre con determinadas dificultades de personalidad están expuestos a más hechos perinatales de vida. Por otra parte, la mayoría de los estudios sobre el humano varían poco puesto que se necesita un amplio muestreo de mujeres embarazadas que garantice un número suficiente de sujetos que hayan vivido eventos de vida mayores. Para terminar, los estudios retrospectivos demuestran una relación entre el alto riesgo de esquizofrenia o de depresión y los hechos perinatales no incluyen la toma rápida de medidas sobre la gravedad objetiva o sobre la manifestación biológica del estres. Nosotros presentamos aquí una revista de la literatura que aborda el estres perinatal, seguida de una discusión sobre cómo la tempestad de hielo de 1998 podría se utilizada para aclarar sobre interrogantes tales los mecanismos por los cuales el estres perinatal ejerce una influencia en la salud mental de feto

Epithelial sodium channel is a key mediator of growth hormone-induced sodium retention in acromegaly.: Antinatriuretic action of growth hormone

International audienceAcromegalic patients present with volume expansion and arterial hypertension, but the renal sites and molecular mechanisms of direct antinatriuretic action of GH remain unclear. Here, we show that acromegalic GC rats, which are chronically exposed to very high levels of GH, exhibited a decrease of furosemide-induced natriuresis and an increase of amiloride-stimulated natriuresis compared with controls. Enhanced Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity and altered proteolytic maturation of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunits in the cortical collecting ducts (CCDs) of GC rats provided additional evidence for an increased sodium reabsorption in the late distal nephron under chronic GH excess. In vitro experiments on KC3AC1 cells, a murine CCD cell model, revealed the expression of functional GH receptors and IGF-I receptors coupled to activation of Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, ERK, and AKT signaling pathways. That GH directly controls sodium reabsorption in CCD cells is supported by: 1) stimulation of transepithelial sodium transport inhibited by GH receptor antagonist pegvisomant; 2) induction of alpha-ENaC mRNA expression; and 3) identification of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 binding to a response element located in the alpha-ENaC promoter, indicative of the transcriptional regulation of alpha-ENaC by GH. Our findings provide the first evidence that GH, in concert with IGF-I, stimulates ENaC-mediated sodium transport in the late distal nephron, accounting for the pathogenesis of sodium retention in acromegaly

Increase in Il-31 Serum Levels Is Associated with Reduced Structural Damage in Early Axial Spondyloarthritis

In spondyloarthritis, little is known about the relation between circulating cytokines and patient phenotype. We have quantified serum levels of T helper type 1 cell (Th1), Th2 and Th17 cytokines in patients with recent-onset axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) from the DESIR cohort, a prospective, multicenter French cohort consisting of 708 patients with recent-onset inflammatory back pain (duration >3 months but <3 years) suggestive of AxSpA. Serum levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines were assessed at baseline in patients from the DESIR cohort fulfilling the ASAS criteria (ASAS+) and were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. At baseline, ASAS+ patients (n = 443) and healthy controls (n = 79) did not differ in levels of most of the Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines except for IL-31, and sCD40L, which were significantly higher for ASAS+ patients than controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively). On multivariable analysis of ASAS+ patients, IL-31 level was associated with sCD40L level (p < 0.0001), modified Stoke AS Spine Score (mSASSS) < 1 (p = 0.035). The multivariable analyses showed that IL-31 was an independent factor associated with mSASSS < 1 (p = 0.001) and low bone mineral density (p = 0.01). Increased level of IL-31 might protect against structural damage but is also related to low BMD

Target Molecular Size and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Analysis of the ATP-and Pyrophosphate-Dependent Proton Pumps from Maize Root Tonoplast

Tonoplast-enriched membranes were prepared from maize (Zea mays L. cv LG 11) primary roots, using sucrose nonlinear gradients. The functional molecular size of the tonoplast ATP-and PPi-dependent proton pumps were analyzed by radiation inactivation. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was added as an internal standard. Frozen samples (−196°C) of the membranes were irradiated with (60)Co for different periods of time. After thawing the samples, the activities of G6PDH, ATPase, and PPase were tested. By applying target theory, the functional sizes of the ATPase and PPase in situ were found to be around 540 and 160 kilodaltons, respectively. The two activities were solubilized and separated by gel filtration chromatography. The different polypeptides copurifying with the two pumps were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two bands (around 59 and 65 kilodaltons) were associated with the ATPase activity, whereas a double band (around 40 kilodaltons) was recovered with the PPase activity