Influence of varying dietary energy levels supplemented with ginger or probiotics on performance of broiler chickens under a semi-arid environment

This study evaluated the effects of varying dietary energy levels supplemented with ginger or probiotics on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens in a semi-arid environment. A total of one hundred and forty four (144) Arbor acre day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to six (6) dietary treatments with four replicates of six chicks each. Three metabolizable energy levels (3100, 2900, and 2700 ME/kcal/kg) were supplemented with either ginger (5g/kg) or probiotic (0.505g/kg) to give six experimental diets for the starter and finisher phases respectively. The experimental diets were fed ad libitum throughout the eight week experimental period. Feed intake increased (P<0.001) with decreasing dietary energy from 3100 to 2700Kcal/kg. The medium energy diet gave greater (P<0.05) live weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and lower mortality. The medium energy diet had better (P<0.001) dressing percentage compared to the other levels. Ginger sustained higher (P<0.001) dressing percentage than probiotic. While the interactive effects of energy levels with either ginger or probiotics showed that the low dietary energy combination with probiotics gave the lowest (P<0.001) dressing percentage. It was concluded that feeding broiler chickens a medium energy (2900Kcal/kg) diet with ginger as an additive improves growth performance and carcass yield of broilers under a semi-arid environment.Keywords: Broiler chickens, energy, ginger, probioti

Knowledge of UK Dental Professionals in Treating Dentine Hypersensitivity

Aim: The aim of the present 22 item questionnaire-based study was to evaluate the knowledge and understanding of a representative sample of UK based Dental professionals in treating DH. Materials & Methods: A 22-item questionnaire on DH was sent to a representative sample of 2200 Dentists and Dental Hygienists/Therapists (DH/T). The study was submitted to the local Queen Mary University of London Ethics committee (QMREC 03537) and the research did not present any ethical concerns due to its low risk and therefore did not require the scrutiny of the full Research Ethics Committee. The questionnaire consisted of 22 questions, which included both open and closed questions. The addresses were selected from the General Dental Council (GDC) and Dental Hygienist/Therapists Lists and subsequently randomised using a randomised number generator (RNG)(Graph Pad Software Inc. 2002-2005) and the questionnaires were sent out to the selected Dental practices by Royal Mail. The questionnaires were distributed during a six-month period from June 2011. Data were entered using Microsoft Excel, and the results analysed using SPSS 22.0 for Windows (IBM, Portsmouth UK) in presented in the form of frequency distribution tables and figures. Pearson correlations were undertaken to determine whether there were any association between status, impact on the QoL, confidence of recommending at-home treatment to those suffering with DH. Results: 346 Questionnaires were returned (15.7%), of which 142 Questionnaires were from Dentists (12.9%) and 204 Questionnaires were from DH/Ts (18.5%). Both Dentists and DHTs provided similar responses to the questions with no major differences between the two groups. Conclusions: These results were consistent with previous studies and, would appear to suggest that, in terms of the knowledge and understanding of DH, both Dentists and DHTs had a broad understanding however there were still some confusion concerning aspects of the diagnosis and management of the condition and clinicians therefore need to be updated on the current recommendations and guidelines in the management of DH to both inform their patients in terms of awareness and prevention and to confidently diagnose and manage DH successfully

Improving specialist drug prescribing in primary care using task and error analysis: an observational study

BACKGROUND: Electronic prescribing has benefited from computerised clinical decision support systems (CDSSs); however, no published studies have evaluated the potential for a CDSS to support GPs in prescribing specialist drugs. AIM: To identify potential weaknesses and errors in the existing process of prescribing specialist drugs that could be addressed in the development of a CDSS. DESIGN AND SETTING: Semi-structured interviews with key informants followed by an observational study involving GPs in the UK. METHOD: Twelve key informants were interviewed to investigate the use of CDSSs in the UK. Nine GPs were observed while performing case scenarios depicting requests from hospitals or patients to prescribe a specialist drug. Activity diagrams, hierarchical task analysis, and systematic human error reduction and prediction approach analyses were performed. RESULTS: The current process of prescribing specialist drugs by GPs is prone to error. Errors of omission due to lack of information were the most common errors, which could potentially result in a GP prescribing a specialist drug that should only be prescribed in hospitals, or prescribing a specialist drug without reference to a shared care protocol. Half of all possible errors in the prescribing process had a high probability of occurrence. CONCLUSION: A CDSS supporting GPs during the process of prescribing specialist drugs is needed. This could, first, support the decision making of whether or not to undertake prescribing, and, second, provide drug-specific parameters linked to shared care protocols, which could reduce the errors identified and increase patient safety

Improving specialist drug prescribing in primary care using task and error analysis: an observational study

Background Electronic prescribing has benefited from computerised clinical decision support systems (CDSSs); however, no published studies have evaluated the potential for a CDSS to support GPs in prescribing specialist drugs. Aim To identify potential weaknesses and errors in the existing process of prescribing specialist drugs that could be addressed in the development of a CDSS. Design and setting Semi-structured interviews with key informants followed by an observational study involving GPs in the UK. Method Twelve key informants were interviewed to investigate the use of CDSSs in the UK. Nine GPs were observed while performing case scenarios depicting requests from hospitals or patients to prescribe a specialist drug. Activity diagrams, hierarchical task analysis, and systematic human error reduction and prediction approach analyses were performed. Results The current process of prescribing specialist drugs by GPs is prone to error. Errors of omission due to lack of information were the most common errors, which could potentially result in a GP prescribing a specialist drug that should only be prescribed in hospitals, or prescribing a specialist drug without reference to a shared care protocol. Half of all possible errors in the prescribing process had a high probability of occurrence. Conclusion A CDSS supporting GPs during the process of prescribing specialist drugs is needed. This could, first, support the decision making of whether or not to undertake prescribing, and, second, provide drug-specific parameters linked to shared care protocols, which could reduce the errors identified and increase patient safety

Rapid quantitative profiling of complex microbial populations

Diverse and complex microbial ecosystems are found in virtually every environment on earth, yet we know very little about their composition and ecology. Comprehensive identification and quantification of the constituents of these microbial communities—a ‘census’—is an essential foundation for understanding their biology. To address this problem, we developed, tested and optimized a DNA oligonucleotide microarray composed of 10 462 small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA (rDNA) probes (7167 unique sequences) selected to provide quantitative information on the taxonomic composition of diverse microbial populations. Using our optimized experimental approach, this microarray enabled detection and quantification of individual bacterial species present at fractional abundances of <0.1% in complex synthetic mixtures. The estimates of bacterial species abundance obtained using this microarray are similar to those obtained by phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA sequences from the same samples—the current ‘gold standard’ method for profiling microbial communities. Furthermore, probes designed to represent higher order taxonomic groups of bacterial species reliably detected microbes for which there were no species-specific probes. This simple, rapid microarray procedure can be used to explore and systematically characterize complex microbial communities, such as those found within the human body

Evaluation of Patients for Radiotherapy for Prostate Adenocarcinoma

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common non-cutaneous malignancy among men in the United States, and the second leading cause of death. However, most prostate adenocarcinoma diagnoses are now diagnosed at early stages and are curable, or if they recur, are associated with such long survival times that the patients usually succumb to competing co-morbidities. This chapter would discuss a brief history of prostate cancer evaluation and its pertinence today, including the Gleason scoring system, advent of PSA testing, and development of the NCCN classification system that is used today. Alternative classification systems, such as the UCSF-CAPRA scoring system, would also be discussed. The latter half of the chapter will discuss the evolution from personalized medicine to precision medicine, including PSMA imaging and prostate cancer genomics, with ongoing trials and future directions. Furthermore, included within this chapter would be a discussion of selecting appropriate men for active surveillance, and appropriate regimens for active surveillance

Backward Cherenkov radiation emitted by polariton solitons in a microcavity wire

Exciton-polaritons in semiconductor microcavities form a highly nonlinear platform to study a variety of effects interfacing optical, condensed matter, quantum and statistical physics. We show that the complex polariton patterns generated by picosecond pulses in microcavity wire waveguides can be understood as the Cherenkov radiation emitted by bright polariton solitons, which is enabled by the unique microcavity polariton dispersion, which has momentum intervals with positive and negative group velocities. Unlike in optical fibres and semiconductor waveguides, we observe that the microcavity wire Cherenkov radiation is predominantly emitted with negative group velocity and therefore propagates backwards relative to the propagation direction of the emitting soliton. We have developed a theory of the microcavity wire polariton solitons and of their Cherenkov radiation and conducted a series of experiments, where we have measured polariton-soliton pulse compression, pulse breaking and emission of the backward Cherenkov radiation

Expression of the Rap1 Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, MR-GEF, Is Altered in Individuals with Bipolar Disorder

In the rodent forebrain GABAergic neurons are generated from progenitor cells that express the transcription factors Dlx1 and Dlx2. The Rap-1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, MR-GEF, is turned on by many of these developing GABAergic neurons. Expression of both Dlx1/2 and MR-GEF is retained in both adult mouse and human forebrain where, in human, decreased Dlx1 expression has been associated with psychosis. Using in situ hybridization studies we show that MR-GEF expression is significantly down-regulated in the forebrain of Dlx1/2 double mutant mice suggesting that MR-GEF and Dlx1/2 form part of a common signalling pathway during GABAergic neuronal development. We therefore compared MR-GEF expression by in situ hybridization in individuals with major psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression) and control individuals. We observed a significant positive correlation between layers II and IV of the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the percentage of MR-GEF expressing neurons in individuals with bipolar disorder, but not in individuals with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder or in controls. Since MR-GEF encodes a Rap1 GEF able to activate G-protein signalling, we suggest that changes in MR-GEF expression could potentially influence neurotransmission

A new method for isolating and analysing coccospheres within sediment

This is the final version. Available on open access from nature Research via the DOI in this recordSize is a fundamental cellular trait that is important in determining phytoplankton physiological and ecological processes. Fossil coccospheres, the external calcite structure produced by the excretion of interlocking plates by the phytoplankton coccolithophores, can provide a rare window into cell size in the past. Coccospheres are delicate however and are therefore poorly preserved in sediment. We demonstrate a novel technique combining imaging flow cytometry and cross-polarised light (ISX+PL) to rapidly and reliably visually isolate and quantify the morphological characteristics of coccospheres from marine sediment by exploiting their unique optical and morphological properties. Imaging flow cytometry combines the morphological information provided by microscopy with high sample numbers associated with flow cytometry. High throughput imaging overcomes the constraints of labour-intensive manual microscopy and allows statistically robust analysis of morphological features and coccosphere concentration despite low coccosphere concentrations in sediments. Applying this technique to the fine-fraction of sediments, hundreds of coccospheres can be visually isolated quickly with minimal sample preparation. This approach has the potential to enable rapid processing of down-core sediment records and/or high spatial coverage from surface sediments and may prove valuable in investigating the interplay between climate change and coccolithophore physiological/ecological response.Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)Shell Research LtdEuropean Union Horizon 202