Electronic administration in Spain: from its beginnings to the present

This study presents the basic lines of electronic administration in Spain. The complexity of the Spanish political-administrative system makes such a study challenging, in view of the considerable degree of autonomy and competences of the regional administrative bodies and local agencies with respect to the central government, the former being more visible in the 17 regions of Spain. Nonetheless, the central government maintains a series of legal instruments that allow a certain common framework of action to be imposed, aside from what is put into effect through diverse programs aimed precisely to develop common tools for the regions and municipalities of Spain. After an introduction that provides some necessary background, this study describes the legislative framework in which Spain's electronic administrative system has developed. The data included in the study refer to investment in information and communication technologies (ICT) and the services offered by the different Administrations on the internet; internet access by citizens, homes, businesses, and employees, as well as the interactivity existing with administrations by means of the internet; the origins and rise of various political initiatives of the Central Government involving electronic administration; and finally, the situation of civil service personnel, as catalysts of the success of Information Society in the Public Administration within Spain

Las prácticas curriculares y extracurriculares realizadas por los estudiantes de la facultad de documentación de la universidad de Murcia (1991-2001)

Estudio de las prácticas realizadas por los alumnos de la Diplomatura de Biblioteconomía y Documentación y de la Literatura en Documentación de la Universidad de Murcia desde sus inicios en 1991 hasta el año 2001. Se realiza un análisis cuantitativo de la información extraída de la base de datos del Centro de Orientación e Información para el Empleo (COIE), que recoge lugares de prácticas, con objeto de obtener las funciones y los perfiles más solicitados por las empresas. Las funciones más demandadas son aquellas por las que tradicionalmente se conoce a la profesión, como son catalogación y clasificación de documentos, aunque también se puede ver una tendencia progresiva a realizar otras tareas más actuales como creación y actualización de bases de dato, búsquedas en Internet, gestión de recursos audiovisuales, y gestión de calidad. Esto es especialmente significativo en las prácticas de la Licenciatura de Documentación. Las becas, a pesar de que son un importante estímulo, no alcanzan ni el 24% de las prácticas hechas por los alumnos de primer ciclo, mientras que las realizadas por los de segundo ciclo superan el 50%. El análisis de las prácticas de ambas titulaciones deja entrever características similares, con algunos cambios en las funciones solicitadas. Esto último también pone de manifiesto que las entidades, a la hora de buscar estudiantes, solicitan los mismos perfiles tanto para primer como para segundo ciclo; lo que nos hace pensar que no debe parecerles muy clara la diferencia entre ambas.The present study analyses the sessions of practical work carried out by students on the diploma course in Librarianship and on the course for the Licenciate in Information Science at the University of Murcia from their beginnings in 1991 up to 2001. A quantitative analysis of information drawn from the data base belonging to the Centre for Employment Orientation and Information (COIE) is carried out detailing the centers for the practical sessions, towns, duration, grants. etc. Afterwards the information contained in the reports submitted on completion of the practice is analyzed with a view to obtaining the functions and profiles most required by companies. The functions most in demand are those which are traditionally recognized as belonging to the profession such as cataloguing and classification of documents, although there is a trend towards other more up to date activities such as the setting up and updating of databases, Internet searching, audiovisual resources management and quality management. This is particularly significant in the practices for the Licentiate in Documentation. The grants, although an important incentive, do not cover even 24% of the practices carried out by students following the diploma course whereas they cover more than 50% of those in the second cycle. The analysis of the practices for both the diploma and the licentiate evidences similar characteristics with a few changes in the functions required. It also reveals that organizations when asking for students require the same profiles both for the first and the second cycle which would seem to indicate that they are not very clear as to the difference between the two

The moment protein (NSm) of Tomato spotted wilt virus is the avirulence determinant in the Sw-5 gene-based resistance

This is the accepted version of the following article: Peiró Morell, A.; Cañizares, MC.; Rubio, L.; López Del Rincón, C.; Moriones, E.; Aramburu, J.; Sanchez Navarro, JA. (2014). The moment protein (NSm) of Tomato spotted wilt virus is the avirulence determinant in the Sw-5 gene-based resistance. Molecular Plant Pathology. 15:802-813. doi:10.1111/mpp.12142., which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12142 .The avirulence determinant triggering the resistance conferred by the tomato gene Sw-5 against Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is still unresolved. Sequence comparison showed two substitutions (C118Y and T120N) in the movement protein NSm present only in TSWV resistance-breaking (RB) isolates. In this work, transient expression of NSm of three TSWV isolates [RB1 (T120N), RB2 (C118Y) and non-resistance-breaking (NRB)] in Nicotiana benthamiana expressing Sw-5 showed a hypersensitive response (HR) only with NRB. Exchange of the movement protein of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) with NSm supported cell-to-cell and systemic transport of the chimeric AMV RNAs into N.tabacum with or without Sw-5, except for the constructs with NBR when Sw-5 was expressed, although RB2 showed reduced cell-to-cell transport. Mutational analysis revealed that N120 was sufficient to avoid the HR, but the substitution V130I was required for systemic transport. Finally, co-inoculation of RB and NRB AMV chimeric constructs showed different prevalence of RB or NBR depending on the presence or absence of Sw-5. These results indicate that NSm is the avirulence determinant for Sw-5 resistance, and mutations C118Y and T120N are responsible for resistance breakdown and have a fitness penalty in the context of the heterologous AMV system.A.P. was a recipient of a JAE-Pre contract from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), and M. C. C was a recipient of an I3P contract from CSIC (co-financed by Fondo Social Europeo, FSE). We thank L. Corachan for excellent technical assistance and Dr Marcel Prins for providing the Nt/Sw5-b and Nb/Sw5-b seeds. This work was supported by grant BIO2011-25018 from the Spanish granting agency DGICYT, grant PAID05-11/2888 from the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia and by grant RTA2008-00010-C03 from the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA). All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.Peiró Morell, A.; Cañizares, MDC.; Rubio, L.; López Del Rincón, C.; Moriones, E.; Aramburu, J.; Sanchez Navarro, JA. (2014). The moment protein (NSm) of Tomato spotted wilt virus is the avirulence determinant in the Sw-5 gene-based resistance. Molecular Plant Pathology. 15(8):802-813. https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12142S802813158Agudelo-Romero, P., de la Iglesia, F., & Elena, S. F. (2008). The pleiotropic cost of host-specialization in Tobacco etch potyvirus. 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Journal of General Virology, 71(5), 1001-1007. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-71-5-1001De Haan, P., Kormelink, R., de Oliveira Resende, R., van Poelwijk, F., Peters, D., & Goldbach, R. (1991). Tomato spotted wilt virus L RNA encodes a putative RNA polymerase. Journal of General Virology, 72(9), 2207-2216. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-72-9-2207HANADA, K., & HARRISON, B. D. (1977). Effects of virus genotype and temperature on seed transmission of nepoviruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 85(1), 79-92. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1977.tb00632.xCarmen Herranz, M., Sanchez-Navarro, J.-A., Saurí, A., Mingarro, I., & Pallás, V. (2005). Mutational analysis of the RNA-binding domain of the Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) movement protein reveals its requirement for cell-to-cell movement. Virology, 339(1), 31-41. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.05.020Hoffmann, K., Qiu, W. P., & Moyer, J. W. (2001). Overcoming Host- and Pathogen-Mediated Resistance in Tomato and Tobacco Maps to the M RNA ofTomato spotted wilt virus. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 14(2), 242-249. doi:10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.2.242Jenner, C. E., Wang, X., Ponz, F., & Walsh, J. A. (2002). A fitness cost for Turnip mosaic virus to overcome host resistance. Virus Research, 86(1-2), 1-6. doi:10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00031-xLanfermeijer, F. C., Dijkhuis, J., Sturre, M. J. G., de Haan, P., & Hille, J. (2003). Plant Molecular Biology, 52(5), 1039-1051. doi:10.1023/a:1025434519282LATHAM, L. J., & JONES, R. A. C. (1998). Selection of resistance breaking strains of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. Annals of Applied Biology, 133(3), 385-402. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1998.tb05838.xLewandowski, D. J., & Adkins, S. (2005). The tubule-forming NSm protein from Tomato spotted wilt virus complements cell-to-cell and long-distance movement of Tobacco mosaic virus hybrids. Virology, 342(1), 26-37. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.050Li, W., Lewandowski, D. J., Hilf, M. E., & Adkins, S. (2009). Identification of domains of the Tomato spotted wilt virus NSm protein involved in tubule formation, movement and symptomatology. Virology, 390(1), 110-121. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.04.027Lopez, C., Aramburu, J., Galipienso, L., Soler, S., Nuez, F., & Rubio, L. (2010). Evolutionary analysis of tomato Sw-5 resistance-breaking isolates of Tomato spotted wilt virus. Journal of General Virology, 92(1), 210-215. doi:10.1099/vir.0.026708-0Margaria, P., Ciuffo, M., Pacifico, D., & Turina, M. (2007). Evidence That the Nonstructural Protein of Tomato spotted wilt virus Is the Avirulence Determinant in the Interaction with Resistant Pepper Carrying the Tsw Gene. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 20(5), 547-558. doi:10.1094/mpmi-20-5-0547Martinez-Gil, L., Sanchez-Navarro, J. A., Cruz, A., Pallas, V., Perez-Gil, J., & Mingarro, I. (2009). Plant Virus Cell-to-Cell Movement Is Not Dependent on the Transmembrane Disposition of Its Movement Protein. Journal of Virology, 83(11), 5535-5543. doi:10.1128/jvi.00393-09Más, P., & Pallás, V. (1995). Non-isotopic tissue-printing hybridization: a new technique to study long-distance plant virus movement. Journal of Virological Methods, 52(3), 317-326. doi:10.1016/0166-0934(94)00167-fMelcher, U. (2000). The ‘30K’ superfamily of viral movement proteins. Journal of General Virology, 81(1), 257-266. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-81-1-257Meshi, T., Motoyoshi, F., Adachi, A., Watanabe, Y., Takamatsu, N., & Okada, Y. (1988). Two concomitant base substitutions in the putative replicase genes of tobacco mosaic virus confer the ability to overcome the effects of a tomato resistance gene, Tm-1. The EMBO Journal, 7(6), 1575-1581. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02982.xMeshi, T., Motoyoshi, F., Maeda, T., Yoshiwoka, S., Watanabe, H., & Okada, Y. (1989). Mutations in the tobacco mosaic virus 30-kD protein gene overcome Tm-2 resistance in tomato. The Plant Cell, 1(5), 515-522. doi:10.1105/tpc.1.5.515Mestre, P., Brigneti, G., Durrant, M. C., & Baulcombe, D. C. (2003). Potato virus Y NIa protease activity is not sufficient for elicitation ofRy-mediated disease resistance in potato. The Plant Journal, 36(6), 755-761. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01917.xMeyers, B. C., Dickerman, A. W., Michelmore, R. W., Sivaramakrishnan, S., Sobral, B. W., & Young, N. D. (1999). Plant disease resistance genes encode members of an ancient and diverse protein family within the nucleotide-binding superfamily. The Plant Journal, 20(3), 317-332. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.t01-1-00606.xMilne, R. G., & Francki, R. I. B. (1984). Should Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Be Considered as a Possible Member of the Family Bunyaviridae? Intervirology, 22(2), 72-76. doi:10.1159/000149536Moury, B., Selassie, K. G., Marchoux, G., Daubèze, A.-M., & Palloix, A. (1998). European Journal of Plant Pathology, 104(5), 489-498. doi:10.1023/a:1008618022144MURANT, A. F., TAYLOR, C. E., & CHAMBERS, J. (1968). Properties, relationships and transmission of a strain of raspberry ringspot virus infecting raspberry cultivars immune to the common Scottish strain*. Annals of Applied Biology, 61(2), 175-186. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1968.tb04523.xNeeleman, L., & Bol, J. F. (1999). Cis-Acting Functions of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus Proteins Involved in Replication and Encapsidation of Viral RNA. Virology, 254(2), 324-333. doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9568Padgett, H. S., & Beachy, R. N. (1993). Analysis of a tobacco mosaic virus strain capable of overcoming N gene-mediated resistance. The Plant Cell, 5(5), 577-586. doi:10.1105/tpc.5.5.577De Ronde, D., Butterbach, P., Lohuis, D., Hedil, M., van Lent, J. W. M., & Kormelink, R. (2013). Tswgene-based resistance is triggered by a functional RNA silencing suppressor protein of theTomato spotted wilt virus. Molecular Plant Pathology, 14(4), 405-415. doi:10.1111/mpp.12016SACRISTÁN, S., & GARCÍA‐ARENAL, F. (2008). The evolution of virulence and pathogenicity in plant pathogen populations. Molecular Plant Pathology, 9(3), 369-384. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00460.xSaito, T., Meshi, T., Takamatsu, N., & Okada, Y. (1987). Coat protein gene sequence of tobacco mosaic virus encodes a host response determinant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 84(17), 6074-6077. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.17.6074Sánchez-Navarro, J. A., & Bol, J. F. (2001). Role of theAlfalfa mosaic virusMovement Protein and Coat Protein in Virus Transport. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 14(9), 1051-1062. doi:10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.9.1051S√°nchez-Navarro, J. A., Bol, J. F., Reusken, C. B., & Pall√°s, V. (1997). Replication of alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 3 with movement and coat protein genes replaced by corresponding genes of Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus. Journal of General Virology, 78(12), 3171-3176. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-78-12-3171Sanchez-Navarro, J., Miglino, R., Ragozzino, A., & Bol, J. F. (2001). Engineering of Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 3 into an expression vector. Archives of Virology, 146(5), 923-939. doi:10.1007/s007050170125Sánchez-Navarro, J. A., Carmen Herranz, M., & Pallás, V. (2006). Cell-to-cell movement of Alfalfa mosaic virus can be mediated by the movement proteins of Ilar-, bromo-, cucumo-, tobamo- and comoviruses and does not require virion formation. Virology, 346(1), 66-73. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.10.024Sanchez-Navarro, J., Fajardo, T., Zicca, S., Pallas, V., & Stavolone, L. (2010). Caulimoviridae Tubule-Guided Transport Is Dictated by Movement Protein Properties. Journal of Virology, 84(8), 4109-4112. doi:10.1128/jvi.02543-09Sanjuan, R., Moya, A., & Elena, S. F. (2004). The contribution of epistasis to the architecture of fitness in an RNA virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(43), 15376-15379. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404125101Sanjuán, R., Cuevas, J. M., Moya, A., & Elena, S. F. (2005). Epistasis and the Adaptability of an RNA Virus. 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Biofilm Development on Caenorhabditis elegans by Yersinia Is Facilitated by Quorum Sensing-Dependent Repression of Type III Secretion

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis forms biofilms on Caenorhabditis elegans which block nematode feeding. This genetically amenable host-pathogen model has important implications for biofilm development on living, motile surfaces. Here we show that Y. pseudotuberculosis biofilm development on C. elegans is governed by N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated quorum sensing (QS) since (i) AHLs are produced in nematode associated biofilms and (ii) Y. pseudotuberculosis strains expressing an AHL-degrading enzyme or in which the AHL synthase (ypsI and ytbI) or response regulator (ypsR and ytbR) genes have been mutated, are attenuated. Although biofilm formation is also attenuated in Y. pseudotuberculosis strains carrying mutations in the QS-controlled motility regulator genes, flhDC and fliA, and the flagellin export gene, flhA, flagella are not required since fliC mutants form normal biofilms. However, in contrast to the parent and fliC mutant, Yop virulon proteins are up-regulated in flhDC, fliA and flhA mutants in a temperature and calcium independent manner. Similar observations were found for the Y. pseudotuberculosis QS mutants, indicating that the Yop virulon is repressed by QS via the master motility regulator, flhDC. By curing the pYV virulence plasmid from the ypsI/ytbI mutant, by growing YpIII under conditions permissive for type III needle formation but not Yop secretion and by mutating the type III secretion apparatus gene, yscJ, we show that biofilm formation can be restored in flhDC and ypsI/ytbI mutants. These data demonstrate that type III secretion blocks biofilm formation and is reciprocally regulated with motility via QS

Google Sky and cataloguing standards : an example of the divergence between the most queried astronomical information and what cataloguing standards allow us to describe

A survey has been carried out on the astronomical information supplied by Google Sky and the information which can be described using the standards MARC21, ISBD consolidated edition, and RDA. The main goal of the study is to show that some astronomical and astrophysical information is still not taken into account in describing different astronomical resources as well as cartographic material. This information could eventually be incorporated as description fields of the aforementioned cataloguing rules. Such fields would allow us to carry out a much more complete and adequate description of these astronomical resources. We have focused on celestial objects appearing in astronomical images which can be found in astronomical archives and libraries. First a brief survey of astronomical information supplied by Google Sky and its linked databases, SIMBAD and NED is performed. Subsequently, we show how the existing description fields describe celestial cartographic materials, and finally we present a new proposal consisting of the desirable minimum parameters which could be included in bibliographic records

Análisis de los sistemas de información web de los ayuntamientos españoles. Una aproximación al contenido de estos recursos de información electrónicos como una red de unidades de información al ciudadano

The World Wide Web regarded as a citizen information system, is a revolutionary change in administrations informational purposes and also an important change in the relations themselves that citizens have with management and open a window to allow communication to the citizen. The study attached below is part of a larger study on the impact of Web technology in the Spanish administration. Based on studies and analysis of one of the projects that emerged in the Brussels Summit on the Information Society, held in February 1995, in particular the "Government On-line" project, which encapsulates a number of sub-lines varied work, a template that provides a test result that is applied to a sample of web information systems of Spanish municipalities by population brackets from the councils of small towns to municipalities in large Spanish cities is done, that can prove the reality of the information content of these institutions of local government. A theoretical approach to political institutional framework of projects and documents on the Information Society in their approach to government is also included in the paper

Coincidencia y equiparación en los modelos de recuperación de información

This paper is aimed at analysing the procedures by which the most renowned information retrieval models allow to lit question and answer according to underlying paradigms. It becomes so far crucial to establish a priori whether is searched for the adequacy between the terms for question and retrieved documents, or conversely, a semantic approach between both parts. In looking for exact match, the notion of f itness appears rather complete. However, there remain a pleyade of aditional possibilities, such as those based in similarity, question-answer or document-document, probability of relevance of documents against question, adjacency or nearbiness within the documental space, in co-wording, cociting, co-sitation, among others.It is concluded that, while the Boolean model search for exact matching, the remaining approaches show a tendency to cohere question and answer through different formulae.En este trabajo se analizan las formas en las que los modelos de recuperación de información más conocidos consiguen hacer coincidir pregunta y respuesta según el paradigma en el que se basan. Para ello se estudia si realmente se persigue que los términos de la pregunta y los de los documentos recuperados coincidan, es decir, sean exactamente iguales, o si por el contrario, se pretende buscar una aproximación semántica entre ambas partes. Si buscamos la coincidencia exacta, el concepto de equiparación es total, mientras que otras formas de aproximarse a ella parcialmente pueden estar basadas en la similitud, o similaridad, pregunta-respuesta o documento-documento; en la probabilidad de relevancia de los documentos frente a las preguntas, en la adyacencia o en la proximidad en el espacio documental, en las co-palabras, co-citación, o co-sitación, entre otras. Se concluye, que mientras el modelo booleano busca la coincidencia exacta, el resto muestran una tendencia a la equiparación pregunta- respuesta mediante fórmulas diferentes

El Practicum en los Grados de Información y Documentación en España: un estudio sobre su adecuación al mercado laboral

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un estudio dedicado a conocer la relación de los centros de prácticas que se ofertan en los Grados de Información y Documentación de las distintas universidades españolas. Durante los últimos años existe en España una corriente académica que ha puesto de manifiesto la escasa adaptación de los estudios de Información y Documentación a las nuevas realidades profesionales que han tenido como base a las tecnologías de la información y de las comunicaciones y, por tanto, la falta de adecuación de lo estudiado en los Grados universitarios al mercado laboral. La llegada del nuevo paradigma de la Sociedad de la Información y del Conocimiento, que hace que la información se convierta en un elemento básico en el funcionamiento de las organizaciones, permitiría pensar que en las titulaciones de Información y Documentación pueden formarse los profesionales dedicados a la gestión integral del ciclo de la información en cualquier tipo de organizaciones. Los autores han analizado los distintos listados de los centros de prácticas que se ofertan en las once universidades españolas que ofrecen el título de Grado en Información y Documentación, y presentan los resultados que varían escasamente respecto al estudio sobre el Practicum de las antiguas Diplomaturas de Biblioteconomía y Documentación, publicado en 2009, en los que se demostraba la escasa incidencia de los nuevos nichos de mercado en la oferta de centros de prácticas de las universidades

Pares: portal de archivos españoles. Generando puentes entre el investigador y los fondos archivísticos Pares: Spanish archives webportal. Building bridges between researchers and the archives

Se ha evaluado el Portal de Archivos Españoles (PARES) y su sistema de búsqueda y recuperación. Se trata de una plataforma común que integra las bases de datos de varios archivos de carácter histórico nacional. Para ello se definieron previamente una serie de parámetros e indicadores que nos ofrecen información adicional sobre este portal, y así conocer si alcanza el nivel suficiente o bien llega a la excelencia. Llegamos a la conclusión de que el portal debe adecuarse mejor a sus usuarios en lo referente a formación (para poder acceder y recuperar la documentación necesaria) e información (con el fin de orientar al usuario para que se sienta cómodo en la utilización del portal). A pesar de algunos fallos, el proyecto Pares supone un gran avance en el acceso y localizacion de la documentación de carácter histórico en España.In this article, the PARES information search and retrieval system is evaluated. PARES is a shared platform that integrates eleven national archival databases. A series of parameters have been posited to assess its adequacy and/or degree of excellence. We have concluded that the webportal needs to improve in terms of user training, with regard to the protocols for access and retrieval, and in terms of the interface in order to make the user more comfortable. Despite some shortcomings, the PARES webportal constitutes an important advance in making historical Spanish documents available to researchers and the general public

El Practicum en las Diplomaturas de Biblioteconomía y Documentación españolas

This article presents the main results of a study aimed at knowing the type of centres where the students of Practicum in the Librarianship and Information Science studies in Spain do their work experiences. The authors have worked with the list of work experiences on offer not with the centres that are assigned to each student. We can conclude that the centres in which the habitual and traditional tasks in our profession carried out are libraries and archives. Moreover the centres and tasks arising of the new professions, for example the web content and the work in enterprises heardly appear.Este trabajo presenta los principales resultados de un estudio orientado a conocer el tipo de centros donde realizan las prácticas los alumnos de la asignatura denominada Practicum que se imparte en las Diplomaturas de Biblioteconomía y Documentación en España. Los autores han trabajado con los listados de la oferta de prácticas, no con los centros que son adjudicados a cada alumno. Del estudio se concluye que son mayoritarias las instituciones en las que se realizan las tareas clásicas y tradicionales en nuestra profesión: bibliotecas y archivos. Y que apenas tienen incidencia en los listados los centros y tareas surgidas de las nuevas profesiones, como por ejemplo el gestor de contenidos web, y el trabajo en empresas