L’évolution de la perception d’un média anglophone à propos de la communauté franco-manitobaine : le cas du Winnipeg Free Press

Cet article retrace l’évolution de la perception d’un média anglophone, le Winnipeg Free Press, concernant la communauté franco-manitobaine. Après plusieurs années de bilinguisme au Canada, les anglophones ont-ils une meilleure perception de la francophonie du Manitoba? L’analyse du contenu de dix années (1994-2004) de ce quotidien a permis de constater que le fait français est plus connu des anglophones, mais il n’est pas nécessairement mieux connu.This paper follows the evolution of how the Anglophone Winnipeg Free Press perceives the Franco-Manitoban community. After several years of bilingualism in Canada, do Anglophones have a better grasp of the French reality in Manitoba? After analysing ten years’ worth of content (1994-2004) in this newspaper, we realize that if the French reality is more widely known by Anglophones, it is nevertheless not necessarily better understood

Meta‐Analysis of Genome‐wide Linkage Studies in BMI and Obesity

Objective: The objective was to provide an overall assessment of genetic linkage data of BMI and BMI‐defined obesity using a nonparametric genome scan meta‐analysis. Research Methods and Procedures: We identified 37 published studies containing data on over 31,000 individuals from more than >10,000 families and obtained genome‐wide logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores, non‐parametric linkage (NPL) scores, or maximum likelihood scores (MLS). BMI was analyzed in a pooled set of all studies, as a subgroup of 10 studies that used BMI‐defined obesity, and for subgroups ascertained through type 2 diabetes, hypertension, or subjects of European ancestry. Results: Bins at chromosome 13q13.2‐ q33.1, 12q23‐q24.3 achieved suggestive evidence of linkage to BMI in the pooled analysis and samples ascertained for hypertension. Nominal evidence of linkage to these regions and suggestive evidence for 11q13.3‐22.3 were also observed for BMI‐defined obesity. The FTO obesity gene locus at 16q12.2 also showed nominal evidence for linkage. However, overall distribution of summed rank p values <0.05 is not different from that expected by chance. The strongest evidence was obtained in the families ascertained for hypertension at 9q31.1‐qter and 12p11.21‐q23 (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Despite having substantial statistical power, we did not unequivocally implicate specific loci for BMI or obesity. This may be because genes influencing adiposity are of very small effect, with substantial genetic heterogeneity and variable dependence on environmental factors. However, the observation that the FTO gene maps to one of the highest ranking bins for obesity is interesting and, while not a validation of this approach, indicates that other potential loci identified in this study should be investigated further.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/93663/1/oby.2007.269.pd

Testing sociobiological hypotheses ethnographically

Satisfactory tests of sociobiological theory using data on humans suffer from many problems, many of which are cogently argued by Kitcher. Other obstacles derive from the fact that cultural anthropology itself is undergoing a paradigm shift, in which people are no longer considered to be influenced by the normative environment with a high degree of predictability. Information about human behavior guided by this new set of assumptions is far more likely to yield the type of data necessary to test sociobiological ideas. Once the construct of culture is abandoned (or at least not assumed to have much power for predicting behavior), social scientists will approach the study of humans in ways that are increasingly similar to the approaches of biologists to nonhuman animals

The strategy for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis should depend on both the underlying condition and the leukocyte count of patients with hematologic malignancies.

International audienceThe identification of the causative organism in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is recommended. We investigated whether a mycologic diagnostic strategy could be optimized based on patient characteristics. Fifty-five patients were enrolled in a prospective study. The presence of Aspergillus in respiratory samples occurred more frequently in non-acute leukemia (AL) patients than in AL patients (P = .0003), and in patients with leukocyte counts more than 100/mm(3) (P = .002). In a logistic regression model, these 2 factors appeared to be independent, with an adjusted odds ratio of 7.14 (95% confidence interval, 1.40-36.5) for non-AL patients and an adjusted odds ratio of 6.97 (95% confidence interval, 1.33-36.5) for patients with leukocyte counts more than 100/mm(3). A positive mycologic result was also more frequent among patients with lung CT scan signs of airway-invasive disease than among other patients (P = .043). Airway-invasive signs were more frequent among non-AL patients (P = .049), whereas angioinvasive disease was more frequent among both AL patients (P = .01) and patients with leukocyte counts less than 100/mm(3) (P = .001). A concomitant pulmonary infection was identified more frequently among non-AL patients (P = .005 vs allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant and P = .048 vs others). Our results suggest that different strategies for diagnosing IPA should be considered based on the underlying condition

Prospective evaluation of clinical and biological markers to predict the outcome of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in hematological patients.

International audienceEarly evaluation of treatment efficacy in invasive aspergillosis (IA), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in hematological patients, remains a challenge. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the performance of different markers in predicting the outcome of patients with IA. Both clinical and biological criteria were assessed 7, 14, 21, and 45 days after inclusion in the study, and mortality was assessed at day 60. The association between baseline data and their evolution and the day 45 response to treatment was analyzed. A total of 57 patients (4 with proven, 44 with probable, and 9 with possible aspergillosis according to the revised EORTC/MSG [European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group] definitions) were included. At day 45, 30 patients (53%) were determined to be responders, 25 (44%) were nonresponders, and 2 were not able to be evaluated. Twenty patients died within the 60 days of follow-up. We found that a poor day 45 outcome was associated with patients who had high baseline serum galactomannan (GM) antigen levels and those receiving steroids at the time of IA. A consistently negative serum GM index was associated with a good outcome, and the day 14 clinical evaluation was predictive of the day 45 outcome. No association was found between Aspergillus antibodies or DNA detection and patients' outcome. We conclude that the GM index value at diagnosis of IA, GM index kinetics, and clinical evaluation at day 14 are good markers for predicting the outcome of patients with IA and should be taken into account for adapting antifungal treatment

Approches et pratiques en évaluation de programmes

Tous les chapitres de cette nouvelle édition ont été écrits par des pédagogues, des enseignants universitaires et des formateurs rompus depuis de longues années à l'exercice du partage de connaissances en évaluation de programmes, tout en mettant l'accent sur la pratique plutôt que sur la théorie. Nous avons ajouté quatre nouveaux chapitres, car les connaissances en évaluation évoluent constamment, sur la stratégie de l'étude de cas, l'évaluation économique, les approches participatives ou encore l'approche dite réaliste. Il manquait dans la première édition des exemples relatifs à l'usage des méthodes mixtes, décrites dans la première partie. Deux nouveaux chapitres viennent donc combler cette lacune. Un défi essentiel auquel fait face tout enseignant en évaluation est lié à la maîtrise de la grande diversité des approches évaluatives et des types d'évaluation. La seconde partie de l'ouvrage présente quelques études de cas choisies pour montrer clairement comment les concepts exposés sont employés dans la pratique. Ces chapitres recouvrent plusieurs domaines disciplinaires et proposent divers exemples de pratiques évaluatives