Effect of interfacial intermixing on the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in Pt/Co/Pt

We study the effect of sputter-deposition conditions, namely, substrate temperature and chamber base pressure, upon the interface quality of epitaxial Pt/Co/Pt thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Here we define interface quality to be the inverse of the sum in quadrature of roughness and intermixing. We find that samples with the top Co/Pt layers grown at 250 C exhibit a local maximum in roughness intermixing and that the interface quality is better for lower or higher deposition temperatures, up to 400 C, above which the interface quality degrades. Imaging the expansion of magnetic domains in an in-plane field using wide-field Kerr microscopy, we determine the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) in films in the deposition temperature range 100 C to 300 C. We find that the net DMI increases as the difference between top and bottom Co interface quality increases. Furthermore, for sufficiently low base pressures, the net DMI increases linearly with the deposition temperature, indicating that fine-tuning of the DMI may be achieved via the deposition conditions

The R Coronae Borealis stars - carbon abundances from forbidden carbon lines

Spectra of several R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars at maximum light were examined for the [C I] 9850 A and 8727 A absorption lines. The 9850 A line is variously blended with a Fe II and CN lines but positive identifications of the [C I] line are made for R CrB and SU Tau. The 8727 A line is detected in the spectrum of the five stars observed in this wavelength region. Carbon abundances are derived from the [C I] lines using the model atmospheres and atmospheric parameters used by Asplund et al. (2000). Although the observed strength of a C I line is constant from cool to hot RCB stars, the strength is weaker than predicted by an amount equivalent to a factor of four reduction of a line's gf-value. Asplund et al. dubbed this 'the carbon problem' and discussed possible solutions. The [C I] 9850 A line seen clearly in R CrB and SU Tau confirms the magnitude of the carbon problem revealed by the C I lines. The [C I] 8727 A line measured in five stars shows an enhanced carbon problem. The gf-value required to fit the observed [C I] 8727 A line is a factor of 15 less than the well-determined theoretical gf-value. We suggest that the carbon problem for all lines may be alleviated to some extent by a chromospheric-like temperature rise in these stars. The rise far exceeds that predicted by our non-LTE calculations, and requires a substantial deposition of mechanical energy.Comment: 11 pages (embedded 5 figures and 3 tables), accepted for publication in MNRA

Normothermic machine perfusion for the assessment and transplantation of declined human kidneys from donation after circulatory death donors.

BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of donation after circulatory death (DCD) kidneys are declined for transplantation because of concerns over their quality. Ex vivo normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) provides a unique opportunity to assess the quality of a kidney and determine its suitability for transplantation. METHODS: In phase 1 of this study, declined human DCD kidneys underwent NMP assessment for 60 min. Kidneys were graded 1-5 using a quality assessment score (QAS) based on macroscopic perfusion, renal blood flow and urine output during NMP. In phase 2 of the study, declined DCD kidneys were assessed by NMP with an intention to transplant them. RESULTS: In phase 1, 18 of 42 DCD kidneys were declined owing to poor in situ perfusion. After NMP, 28 kidneys had a QAS of 1-3, and were considered suitable for transplantation. In phase 2, ten of 55 declined DCD kidneys underwent assessment by NMP. Eight kidneys had been declined because of poor in situ flushing in the donor and five of these were transplanted successfully. Four of the five kidneys had initial graft function. CONCLUSION: NMP technology can be used to increase the number of DCD kidney transplants by assessing their quality before transplantation

Mid- and far-infrared polarimetric studies of the core of OMC-1: the inner field configuration

We present imaging polarimetry of the central 30 arcsec of OMC-1 at 12.5 and 17 μm with arcsecond resolution, together with complementary spectropolarimetry in the ranges 8–13 and 16–22 μ ;m at selected positions, and polarimetry at 800 μm over an approximately 1-arcmin field. The polarization is due to the dichroism of aligned grains in emission in the farinfrared, and predominantly due to absorption in the mid-infrared. The images reveal large variations of polarization fraction and position angle in BNKL, the central region, and these can explain the low fractional polarization observed when this region is unresolved, as in the far-infrared. The mid-infrared polarization indicates that a substantial component of magnetic field is aligned with the plane of the disc-like structures inferred from millimetre-wave studies, and suggests the presence of a toroidal field within the disc

10- m imaging of the bipolar protoplanetary nebula Mz-3

A 10-µm image is presented of the bipolar protoplanetary nebula Mz-3 made at the 3.9-m Anglo-Australian Telescope using the NIMPOL mid-infrared imaging polarimeter. The image shows extended emission from warm (110–130 K) dust both to the north and to the south of the central star, which correlates well with the visible bipolar lobes. The observed surface brightness of this emission is consistent with radiative heating of the dust by both direct stellar illumination and trapped Lyman α photons. Emission in excess of the point-source profile indicates that there is also an extended shell of dust surrounding the central star

Sputter-engineering a first-order magnetic phase transition in sub-15-nm-thick single-crystal FeRh films

Equiatomic FeRh alloys undergo a fascinating first-order metamagnetic phase transition (FOMPT) just above room temperature, which has attracted reinvigorated interest for applications in spintronics. Until now, all attempts to grow nanothin FeRh alloy films have consistently shown that FeRh layers tend to grow in the Volmer-Weber growth mode. Here we show that sputter-grown sub-15-nm-thick FeRh alloy films deposited at low sputter-gas pressure, typically ∼0.1 Pa, onto (001)-oriented MgO substrates, grow in a peening-induced Frank-van der Merwe growth mode for FeRh film thicknesses above 5 nm, circumventing this major drawback. The bombardment of high-energy sputtered atoms, the atom-peening effect, induces a rebalancing between adsorbate-surface and adsorbate-adsorbate interactions, leading to the formation of a smooth continuous nanothin FeRh film. Chemical order in the films increases with the FeRh thickness, tFeRh, and varies monotonically from 0.75 up to 0.9. Specular x-ray diffraction scans around Bragg peaks show Pendellösung fringes for films with tFeRh≥5.2 nm, which reflects in smooth well-ordered densified single-crystal FeRh layers. The nanothin film's roughness varies from 0.6 down to about 0.1 nm as tFeRh increases, and scales linearly with the integral breadth of the rocking curve, proving its microstructured origin. Magnetometry shows that the FOMPT in the nanothin films is qualitatively similar to that of the bulk alloy, except for the thinnest film of 3.7 nm

Gravity with extra dimensions and dark matter interpretation: Phenomenological example via Miyamoto-Nagai galaxy

A configuration whose density profile coincides with the Newtonian potential for spiral galaxies is constructed from a 4D isotropic metric plus extra dimensional components. A Miyamoto-Nagai ansatz is used to solve Einstein equations. The stable rotation curves of such system are computed and, without fitting techniques, we recover with accuracy the observational data for flat or not asymptotically flat galaxy rotation curves. The density profiles are reconstructed and compared to that obtained from the Newtonian potential.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures, submitted to Brazilian Journal of Physic

Fast Ensemble Smoothing

Smoothing is essential to many oceanographic, meteorological and hydrological applications. The interval smoothing problem updates all desired states within a time interval using all available observations. The fixed-lag smoothing problem updates only a fixed number of states prior to the observation at current time. The fixed-lag smoothing problem is, in general, thought to be computationally faster than a fixed-interval smoother, and can be an appropriate approximation for long interval-smoothing problems. In this paper, we use an ensemble-based approach to fixed-interval and fixed-lag smoothing, and synthesize two algorithms. The first algorithm produces a linear time solution to the interval smoothing problem with a fixed factor, and the second one produces a fixed-lag solution that is independent of the lag length. Identical-twin experiments conducted with the Lorenz-95 model show that for lag lengths approximately equal to the error doubling time, or for long intervals the proposed methods can provide significant computational savings. These results suggest that ensemble methods yield both fixed-interval and fixed-lag smoothing solutions that cost little additional effort over filtering and model propagation, in the sense that in practical ensemble application the additional increment is a small fraction of either filtering or model propagation costs. We also show that fixed-interval smoothing can perform as fast as fixed-lag smoothing and may be advantageous when memory is not an issue

Direct visualization of the magnetostructural phase transition in nanoscale FeRh thin films using differential phase contrast imaging

To advance the use of thermally activated magnetic materials in device applications it is necessary to examine their behavior on the localized scale operando conditions. Equiatomic FeRh undergoes a magnetostructural transition from an antiferromagnetic (AF) to a ferromagnetic (FM) phase above room temperature (∼350–380 K), and hence is considered a very desirable material for the next generation of nanomagnetic or spintronic devices. For this to be realized, we must fully understand the intricate details of the AF to FM transition and associated FM domain growth on the scale of their operation. Here we combine in situ heating with a comprehensive suite of advanced transmission electron microscopy techniques to investigate directly the magnetostructural transition in nanoscale FeRh thin films. Differential phase contrast imaging visualizes the stages of FM domain growth in both cross-sectional and planar FeRh thin films as a function of temperature. Small surface FM signals are also detected due to interfacial strain with the MgO substrate and Fe deficiency after HF etching of the substrate, providing a directional bias for FM domain growth. Our work provides high resolution imaging and quantitative measurements throughout the transition, which were previously inaccessible, and offers fundamental insight into their potential use in magnetic devices