Inter-annual ciliate distribution variation within the late stratification oxycline in a monomictic lake, Lake Alchichica (Mexico)

Deep stratified tropical water bodies pass through prolonged periods of meta-hypolimnetic anoxia, and ciliates might play a very important role in the plankton community budget there. We analysed changes in the composition and biomass of the ciliate assemblage and other microbial loop components throughout the oxycline just at the end of stratification in a warm-monomictic lake, Lake Alchichica, Mexico (four samplings: 2006-2008, 2010); the results were compared with those obtained from another lake from the re- gion, La Preciosa, sampled in 2010. Bacteria, autotrophic picoplankton (APP) and flagellates were analysed using epifluorescence microscopy. Ciliates were evaluated either in DAPI stained samples (looking for pigmented organelles and/or ingested phototrophs) or in quantitative protargol stain (QPS) permanent preparations, where they were identified at the genus or species level. The end of the stratification period in Lake Alchichica was characterized by almost uniform heterotrophic picoplankton (HPP) numbers (106 cells mL–1 ) throughout the water column. Meanwhile, APP showed epilimnetic and/or metalimnetic maxima of 105 cells mL–1 followed by an order of magnitude drop in the hypolimnion. A very important peak (105 cells mL–1 ) of the autotrophic or mixotrophic flagellate Pyramimonas sp. was observed repeatedly above and within the oxycline of Lake Alchichica. Ciliate biomass maxima were found around the oxycline and in the above-bottom layer. The top of the oxycline was dominated by Euplotes spp. and Spirostomum teres fine- to coarse-filter feeders (feeding upon APP, nanodiatoms and algae). Raptorial haptorids (in particular, Phialina sp.) were the second most important group, generally occupying the layer below euplotids, followed by Holophrya and Prorodon facultative anaer- obic prostomes. Sometimes, strictly anaerobic Caenomorpha sp. was found to be important in the anoxic hypolimnion. Minute pi- coplankton feeding species (both APP and heterotrophic bacteria feeders) were important throughout the water column: in the epilimnion, vorticellids (2006-2008) or scuticociliates (2010) dominated. Typically, the scuticociliate maximum was located in the oxycline and/or above the bottom. Some microaerophilic species were isolated; thus, their identification could be carried out. However, the apparent polymorphic ciliate life cycles were not described completely, and the species composition was only estimated: two dom- inant species (SC 1 - Cristigera-like and SC 2 - Cyclidim-like) covered nearly the total scuticociliate biomass. Strictly anaerobic scu- ticociliates were not isolated but observed in the deepest layers of the lake (bacteria symbiotic Isocyclidium globosum and Cristigera sp.). Significant statistical relation within the ciliate distribution and environmental variables was not confirmed due to unique species composition in the respective years. However, general trends in the distribution of ciliates on a species level were observed. Scutic- ociliates, including two important tentatively identified species, did not present unambiguous ecological position, and the study of their live cycle should be the next step in investigations

"Bioadsorption of silver ions by calcareous chitin, chitin and chitosan"

"Context: Calcareous chitin, chitin, chitosan, and their modifications are used as bioadsorbents of metals and dyes that cause environmental pollution, endocrine disruption, and human diseases. Aims: To evaluate the selective bioadsorption of silver ions (Ag+ ) by calcareous chitin, chitin, and chitosan. Methods: Experimental and prospective study. The presence of functional groups of the bioadsorbents was identified by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1H-NMR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Elovich models were applied to describe the adsorption capacity of bioadsorbents according to granule size (20-40, 40-60, 60-80 meshes) and temperature (10, 20, and 30°C). Results: The FT-IR spectrum of calcareous chitin indicates the presence of carbonate (CO3 = 1420 cm-1 ), amide III (1313 cm-1 ), –OH groups (3441.90 cm-1 ), and pyranose structure (952.83 cm-1 ); chitin has –OH groups (3441.90 cm-1 ), NH (3268 cm-1 ), amide I (1654 cm-1 ) and II (1559 cm-1 ); chitosan has –OH groups (3419.90 cm-1 ), –NH (3200 cm-1 ), amide I (1712.18 cm-1 ), –NH2 (1654.46 cm-1 ), amide III (1317.11 cm-1 ) and pyranose structure (1070.12 cm-1 and 1031 cm-1 ). The Langmuir model indicates greater bioadsorption of Ag+ ions at smaller particle sizes (60-80 = 0.25-0.18 mm) and at a temperature of 20-30°C. Conclusions: The bioadsorption of silver ions (Ag+ ) by chitosan is greater with respect to calcareous chitin and chitin; the Langmuir model fits for the Ag+ isotherm and suggests that the process is controlled by physisorption.

Salud de los trabajadores

Actividad física y su relación con los factores de riesgo cardiovascular de carteros chilenosAnálisis de resultados: riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo Suceso-Istas 21 en Cesfam QuellónAusentismo laboral por enfermedades oftalmológicas, Chile 2009Brote de diarreas por norovirus, posterremoto-tsunami, Constitución, Región del MauleCalidad de vida en profesionales de la salud pública chilenaCaracterización del reposo laboral en personal del SSMN durante el primer semestre de 2010Concentración de nicotina en pelo en trabajadores no fumadores expuestos a humo de tabaco ambientalCondiciones de trabajo y bienestar/malestar docente en profesores de enseñanza media de SantiagoDisfunción auditiva inducida por exposición a xilenoErgonomía aplicada al estudio del síndrome de dolor lumbar en el trabajoEstimación de la frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en trabajadores de una empresa mineraExposición a plaguicidas inhibidores de la acetilcolinesterasa en Colombia, 2006-2009Factores de riesgo y daños de salud en conductores de una empresa peruana de transporte terrestre, 2009Las consecuencias de la cultura en salud y seguridad ocupacional en una empresa mineraPercepción de cambios en la práctica médica y estrategias de afrontamientoPercepción de la calidad de vida en la Universidad del BiobíoPesos máximos aceptables para tareas de levantamiento manual de carga en población laboral femeninaRiesgo coronario en trabajadores mineros según la función de Framingham adaptada para la población chilenaTrastornos emocionales y riesgo cardiovascular en trabajadores de la salu

International nosocomial infection control consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004-2009

The results of a surveillance study conducted by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) from January 2004 through December 2009 in 422 intensive care units (ICUs) of 36 countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe are reported. During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN; formerly the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system [NNIS]) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infections, we gathered prospective data from 313,008 patients hospitalized in the consortium's ICUs for an aggregate of 2,194,897 ICU bed-days. Despite the fact that the use of devices in the developing countries' ICUs was remarkably similar to that reported in US ICUs in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were significantly higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals; the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection in the INICC ICUs of 6.8 per 1,000 central line-days was more than 3-fold higher than the 2.0 per 1,000 central line-days reported in comparable US ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia also was far higher (15.8 vs 3.3 per 1,000 ventilator-days), as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (6.3 vs. 3.3 per 1,000 catheter-days). Notably, the frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to imipenem (47.2% vs 23.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (76.3% vs 27.1%), Escherichia coli isolates to ceftazidime (66.7% vs 8.1%), Staphylococcus aureus isolates to methicillin (84.4% vs 56.8%), were also higher in the consortium's ICUs, and the crude unadjusted excess mortalities of device-related infections ranged from 7.3% (for catheter-associated urinary tract infection) to 15.2% (for ventilator-associated pneumonia). Copyright © 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

FIRST DESCRIPTION OF THE NEST, EGGS AND NESTLINGS OF BLACK-THIGHED PUFFLEG (ERIOCNEMIS DERBYI)

The Black-thighed Puffleg (Eriocnemis derbyi) is endemic to the Northern Central Andes of South America. The species is found in montane forests up to the edge of the treeline from the Central Andes of Colombia to the Andes of northern Ecuador. The reproductive biology of this species is essentially unknown. Here, we describe the nest, eggs and nestlings of E. derbyi. The nest was built atop a fern frond in a dense strip of riparian vegetation, with a heavy load of moss and bromeliads, near a creek, next to a rocky wall. It was cup-shaped and made mainly with moss. The nest contained two white eggs, both of which hatched but were later found dead without traces of depredation. This report provides the first detailed data on the breeding biology of E. derbyi

Caracterización de propiedades físico-mecánicas de rocas ígneas utilizadas en obras de infraestructura

Los materiales pétreos se emplean actualmente en casi todos los procesos edificatorios y debido a esto se les realizan diferentes pruebas, pudiendo ser tanto físicas como mecánicas; en éstas, el ensayo de carga puntual normado por ASTM D 5731, describe el empleo del equipo Point Load para determinar la resistencia mecánica en rocas no labradas, con tamaño aproximado de 4 pulgadas de diámetro, determinándose características mecánicas con alta confiabilidad y facilidad; es método económico porque el equipo se puede llevar al sitio o (banco)cantera, no siendo necesario labrar los especímenes. Si además se realizan pruebas físicas como humedad actual, absorción, densidad ygravedad específica, estos resultados ayudan a conocer mejor el comportamiento mecánico de los materiales pétreos, pudiéndose lograr beneficios económicos reflejados en la elaboración del concreto, tanto hidráulico como asfáltico. En este trabajo también se comparan las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de los bancos de materiales de la región de Morelia, Michoacán, México

Caracterización de propiedades físico-mecánicas de rocas ígneas utilizadas en obras de infraestructura

Los materiales pétreos se emplean actualmente en casi todos los procesos edificatorios y debido a esto se les realizan diferentes pruebas, pudiendo ser tanto físicas como mecánicas; en éstas, el ensayo de carga puntual normado por ASTM D 5731, describe el empleo del equipo Point Load para determinar la resistencia mecánica en rocas no labradas, con tamaño aproximado de 4 pulgadas de diámetro, determinándose características mecánicas con alta confiabilidad y facilidad; es método económico porque el equipo se puede llevar al sitio o (banco)cantera, no siendo necesario labrar los especímenes. Si además se realizan pruebas físicas como humedad actual, absorción, densidad ygravedad específica, estos resultados ayudan a conocer mejor el comportamiento mecánico de los materiales pétreos, pudiéndose lograr beneficios económicos reflejados en la elaboración del concreto, tanto hidráulico como asfáltico. En este trabajo también se comparan las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de los bancos de materiales de la región de Morelia, Michoacán, México

El marketing sensorial y su influencia en el comportamiento de compra de los consumidores de la ciudad de Manta, Ecuador

Marketing over the years has evolved to adapt to the new demands of the XXI century, the need to deal with a new type of consumer gives way to the creation of shopping experiences that allow establishing an emotional connection with the clients, because the brain tends to have more stable and lasting memories when these are propitiated from the emotions. In this sense, sensory marketing emerges as a marketing trend aimed at the application of stimuli oriented to the five senses, which can be implemented both at the point of sale and through branding of the brand. For its part, the purchase behavior refers to various characteristics that determine the actions of the consumer. The present investigation used a qualitative-quantitative methodology with a descriptive correlational design, through the structured survey tool. Through the data processing in the SPSS statistical program, a high positive correlation was determined according to the Kendall, Pearson and Spearman coefficients between the study variables, so it was concluded that sensory marketing influences the purchasing behavior of Consumers in the city of Manta.O marketing ao longo dos anos evoluiu para se adaptar às novas exigências do século XXI, a necessidade de lidar com um novo tipo de consumidor dá lugar à criação de experiências de compra que permitem estabelecer uma conexão emocional com os clientes, porque o cérebro tende a ter memórias mais estáveis e duradouras quando estas são propiciadas pelas emoções. Nesse sentido, o marketing sensorial surge como uma tendência mercadológica voltada para a aplicação de estímulos voltados aos cinco sentidos, que podem ser implementados tanto no ponto de venda quanto no branding da marca. Por sua vez, o comportamento de compra refere-se a várias características que determinam as ações do consumidor. A presente investigação utilizou uma metodologia qualitativaquantitativa com delineamento descritivo correlacional, através da ferramenta de pesquisa estruturada. Através do processamento de dados no programa estatístico SPSS, uma correlação positiva alta foi determinada de acordo com os coeficientes de Kendall, Pearson e Spearman entre as variáveis do estudo, assim, concluiu-se que o marketing sensorial influencia o comportamento de compra de Consumidores na cidade de MantaEl marketing a lo largo de los años ha ido evolucionando para adaptarse a las nuevas exigencias del siglo XXI, de la necesidad de hacer frente a un nuevo tipo de consumidor se da paso a la creación de experiencias de compra que permitan establecer una conexión emocional con los clientes, debido a que el cerebro tiende a tener recuerdos más estables y duraderos cuando estos son propiciados desde las emociones. En este sentido surge el marketing sensorial como una tendencia del marketing destinada a la aplicación de estímulos orientados a los cinco sentidos, los cuales pueden ser implementados tanto en el punto de venta como a través del branding de la marca. Por su parte, el comportamiento de compra hace referencia a diversas características que determinan el accionar del consumidor. La presente investigación utilizó una metodología cuali-cuantitativa con un diseño descriptivo correlacional, mediante la herramienta de encuesta estructurada. Mediante el procesamiento de datos en el programa estadístico SPSS, se determinó de acuerdo a los coeficientes de Kendall, Pearson y Spearman una correlación positiva alta entre las variables de estudio, por lo cual se concluyó que el marketing sensorial influye en el comportamiento de compra de los consumidores de la ciudad de Manta

Consideraciones adecuadas en caso de gastroenteritis aguda en menores de dos años

Acute gastroenteritis (GEA) as a self-limited process of reduction in the consistency of bowel movements (liquid or semi-liquid) with increased frequency (greater than three bowel movements / day), and may be accompanied by vomiting, fever and abdominal pain. Its duration will be less than ten days and never greater than fourteen. The most frequent etiology of acute diarrhea is still the infectious processes of the digestive tract. Viruses are the main causative agent, followed by bacteria and parasites. Other causes in the pediatric population such as dietary transgressions, non-enteral infections and intolerance to cow's milk proteins, should be considered in the differential diagnosis, especially in children under one year. Rotavirus is the leading producer of acute diarrhea worldwide, especially in children under two years. The risk factors that increase susceptibility and severity are: malnutrition, overcrowding, poor socioeconomic conditions, infants and children under 2 years of age due to their greater predisposition to dehydration, assistance to nurseries and trips to endemic areas. In the diagnosis of an infant or child with acute diarrhea, a global assessment and detailed history is necessary to differentiate enteric infection from other causes of vomiting and diarrhea. The main treatment of gastroenteritis in children is rehydration. Oral replacement products produced with complex carbohydrates (ie, those that contain wheat or rice) may be better than those that contain simple sugars. The methodology used is descriptive, with a documentary approach, that is, reviewing sources available on the web, suchas google scholar, with timely and relevant content from the scientific and updated point of view that enriches the analysis of the topic raised in this article.La gastroenteritis aguda (GEA) como un proceso auto limitado de reducción en la consistencia de las deposiciones (líquidas o semilíquidas) con aumento en su frecuencia (mayor de tres deposiciones/día), pudiendo acompañarse con vómitos, fiebre y dolor abdominal. Su duración será inferior a diez días y nunca mayor de catorce. La etiología más frecuente de diarrea aguda siguen siendo los procesos infecciosos del tracto digestivo. Los virus son el principal agente causal, seguidas por bacterias y parásitos. Otras causas en la población pediátrica como transgresiones dietéticas, infecciones no enterales e intolerancia a las proteínas de leche de vaca, deben considerarse en el diagnóstico diferencial, sobre todo en menores de un año. El rotavirus es el principal agente productor de diarrea aguda a escala mundial, especialmente en menores de dos años. Los factores de riesgo que aumentan la susceptibilidad y la severidad son: malnutrición, hacinamiento, malas condiciones socioeconómicas, lactantes y niños menores de 2 años por su mayor predisposición a la deshidratación, asistencia a guarderías y viajes a zonas endémicas. En el diagnóstico ante un lactante o niño con diarrea aguda es necesaria una valoración global y una anamnesis detallada para poder diferenciar la infección entérica de otras causas de vómitos y diarrea. El tratamiento principal de la gastroenteritis en niños es la rehidratación. Los productos orales de reemplazo producidos con carbohidratos complejos (es decir, aquellos que contienen trigo o arroz) pueden ser mejores que aquellos que contienen azúcares simples. La metodología usada es descriptiva, con un enfoque documental, es decir, revisar fuentes disponibles en la red, como google académico, con contenido oportuno y relevante desde el punto de vista científico y actualizado que enriquezca el análisis del tema planteado en este artículo