Internal Colonization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Tomato Plants

Several Salmonella enterica outbreaks have been traced back to contaminated tomatoes. In this study, the internalization of S. enterica Typhimurium via tomato leaves was investigated as affected by surfactants and bacterial rdar morphotype, which was reported to be important for the environmental persistence and attachment of Salmonella to plants. Surfactants, especially Silwet L-77, promoted ingress and survival of S. enterica Typhimurium in tomato leaves. In each of two experiments, 84 tomato plants were inoculated two to four times before fruiting with GFP-labeled S. enterica Typhimurium strain MAE110 (with rdar morphotype) or MAE119 (without rdar). For each inoculation, single leaflets were dipped in 109 CFU/ml Salmonella suspension with Silwet L-77. Inoculated and adjacent leaflets were tested for Salmonella survival for 3 weeks after each inoculation. The surface and pulp of ripe fruits produced on these plants were also examined for Salmonella. Populations of both Salmonella strains in inoculated leaflets decreased during 2 weeks after inoculation but remained unchanged (at about 104 CFU/g) in week 3. Populations of MAE110 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of MAE119 from day 3 after inoculation. In the first year, nine fruits collected from one of the 42 MAE119 inoculated plants were positive for S. enterica Typhimurium. In the second year, Salmonella was detected in adjacent non-inoculated leaves of eight tomato plants (five inoculated with strain MAE110). The pulp of 12 fruits from two plants inoculated with MAE110 was Salmonella positive (about 106 CFU/g). Internalization was confirmed by fluorescence and confocal laser microscopy. For the first time, convincing evidence is presented that S. enterica can move inside tomato plants grown in natural field soil and colonize fruits at high levels without inducing any symptoms, except for a slight reduction in plant growth

HISTORIA ALTERNATIVA DE LA ABOGACÍA. Análisis crítico sobre la profesión, de Juan Jesús Garza Onofre

Se realiza una reseña del libro de autoría de Juan Jesús Garza Onofre, que ofrece un repaso histórico de la profesión de la abogacía llamando la atención sobre su historia alternativa, y marcando pautas críticas para pensar correctivamente en su futuro.Esta recensión se desarrolla dentro del proyecto de investigación «Una teoría postpositivista del Derecho» (DER2017-86643-P) financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Unión Europea

La Reforma Constitucional en Ecuador. Procedimiento y algunas reflexiones

Sumario: I. Introducción. II. Una aproximación a la Constitución ecuatoriana de 2008. III. Descripción de los procedimientos para su reforma. IV. Breve repaso a los procesos reformatorios efectuados desde 2008. V. Algunas reflexiones a modo de conclusión. VI. Bibliografía

Study of the mechanical and energetic properties of pellets produce from agricultural biomass of quinoa, beans, oat, cattail and wheat

The lack of conventional fuels in rural areas in Peru drives people to burn agricultural wastes that are used as fuel. Burning these wastes produce a large amount of gaseous pollutants that harm the health of people, causing respiratory diseases primarily in children. This study deter-mined the optimal conditions and relation between waste ashes and starch to produce pellets using wastes from Puno region in Peru with a high heating value and durability. The optimal content range was 30% starch and 70% of quinoa ashes, considering also the production of energy and the durability of the pellets. The relation between particle size, heating value, starch content and mechanical resistance was studied using an artisan pellets preparation method to allowed villagers the access to energy that they can pre-pared and storage

Explanation and Elaboration Document for the STROBE-Vet Statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology—Veterinary Extension

The STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement was first published in 2007 and again in 2014. The purpose of the original STROBE was to provide guidance for authors, reviewers and editors to improve the comprehensiveness of reporting; however, STROBE has a unique focus on observational studies. Although much of the guidance provided by the original STROBE document is directly applicable, it was deemed useful to map those statements to veterinary concepts, provide veterinary examples and highlight unique aspects of reporting in veterinary observational studies. Here, we present the examples and explanations for the checklist items included in the STROBE-Vet Statement. Thus, this is a companion document to the STROBE-Vet Statement Methods and process document, which describes the checklist and how it was developed

DFTB+, a software package for efficient approximate density functional theory based atomistic simulations

DFTB+ is a versatile community developed open source software package offering fast and efficient methods for carrying out atomistic quantum mechanical simulations. By implementing various methods approximating density functional theory (DFT), such as the density functional based tight binding (DFTB) and the extended tight binding method, it enables simulations of large systems and long timescales with reasonable accuracy while being considerably faster for typical simulations than the respective ab initio methods. Based on the DFTB framework, it additionally offers approximated versions of various DFT extensions including hybrid functionals, time dependent formalism for treating excited systems, electron transport using non-equilibrium Green’s functions, and many more. DFTB+ can be used as a user-friendly standalone application in addition to being embedded into other software packages as a library or acting as a calculation-server accessed by socket communication. We give an overview of the recently developed capabilities of the DFTB+ code, demonstrating with a few use case examples, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the various features, and also discuss on-going developments and possible future perspectives

Innovación tecnológica de un sistema integral para monitotear el consumo eléctrico

El presente trabajo se enfocó en el diseño e implementación de un sistema integral para monitorear local y remotamente, el consumo eléctrico generado en los diferentes ambientes dentro de un hogar. De esta manera, se consideró la creación de un prototipo capaz de medir la corriente consumida cada minuto, por las diferentes cargas conectadas a la red eléctrica en los ambientes de un hogar. Se utilizó una red inalámbrica basada en la tecnología Zigbee para la transmisión de los datos desde los prototipos hasta un servidor que se encarga de recibir los datos cuando exista un consumo de electricidad en el hogar. Los datos son procesados y posteriormente almacenados en una base de datos. Finalmente, se implementó una página web que muestra gráficamente un historial del consumo eléctrico, a la que el usuario puede acceder local o remotamente y monitorear de forma rápida y práctica el consumo eléctrico en el hogar. Para el desarrollo de este sistema integral se analizó el funcionamiento de sensores de corriente, divisores de voltaje, módulos Xbee, y se desarrolló la aplicación con el uso de software Open Source como Java, MySQL y PHP. Actualmente, el usuario cuenta tan solo con las lecturas mensuales, entregadas por el proveedor de servicio de electricidad, desconociendo la realidad sobre los ambientes críticos dentro de su casa. Mediante el sistema propuesto, el usuario podrá conocer en todo lugar y en cualquier momento el consumo eléctrico generado en áreas específicas, y así tomar medidas oportunas de ahorro energético.//The present work focused on the design and implementation of an integral system to monitor, locally and remotely, the electrical consumption generated in the different environments within a home. In this way, it was considered the creation of a prototype capable of measuring the current consumed every minute, by the different loads connected to the electrical network in different environments of a home. A wireless network based on Zigbee technology was used to transmit the data from the prototypes to a server that is responsible for receiving the data when there is a consumption of electricity in the home. The data is processed and subsequently stored in a database. Finally, a web page was implemented that graphically shows a history of electricity consumption, which the user can access locally or remotely and quickly and practically monitor the electricity consumption within the home. For the development of this integral system, the operation of current sensors, voltage dividers, Xbee modules was analyzed, and the application was developed with the use of Open Source software such as Java, MySQL and PHP. Currently, the user only has the monthly readings, delivered by the electricity service provider, ignoring the reality about critical environments within the home. Through the proposed system. The user can know in any place and at any time the electricity consumption generated in specific areas, and thus take appropriate energy saving measures

Technological Innovation of a Comprehensive System to Monitor Electric Consumption

El presente trabajo se enfocó en el diseño e implementación de un sistema integral para monitorear local y remotamente, el consumo eléctrico generado en los diferentes ambientes dentro de un hogar. De esta manera, se consideró la creación de un prototipo capaz de medir la corriente consumida cada minuto, por las diferentes cargas conectadas a la red eléctrica en los ambientes de un hogar. Se utilizó una red inalámbrica basada en la tecnología Zigbee para la transmisión de los datos desde los prototipos hasta un servidor que se encarga de recibir los datos cuando exista un consumo de electricidad en el hogar. Los datos son procesados y posteriormente almacenados en una base de datos. Finalmente, se implementó una página web que muestra gráficamente un historial del consumo eléctrico, a la que el usuario puede acceder local o remotamente y monitorear de forma rápida y práctica el consumo eléctrico en el hogar. Para el desarrollo de este sistema integral se analizó el funcionamiento de sensores de corriente, divisores de voltaje, módulos Xbee, y se desarrolló la aplicación con el uso de software Open Source como Java, MySQL y PHP. Actualmente, el usuario cuenta tan solo con las lecturas mensuales, entregadas por el proveedor de servicio de electricidad, desconociendo la realidad sobre los ambientes críticos dentro de su casa. Mediante el sistema propuesto, el usuario podrá conocer en todo lugar y en cualquier momento el consumo eléctrico generado en áreas específicas, y así tomar medidas oportunas de ahorro energético.The present work focused on the design and implementation of an integral system to monitor, locally and remotely, the electrical consumption generated in the different environments within a home. In this way, it was considered the creation of a prototype capable of measuring the current consumed every minute, by the different loads connected to the electrical network in different environments of a home. A wireless network based on Zigbee technology was used to transmit the data from the prototypes to a server that is responsible for receiving the data when there is a consumption of electricity in the home. The data is processed and subsequently stored in a database. Finally, a web page was implemented that graphically shows a history of electricity consumption, which the user can access locally or remotely and quickly and practically monitor the electricity consumption within the home. For the development of this integral system, the operation of current sensors, voltage dividers, Xbee modules was analyzed, and the application was developed with the use of Open Source software such as Java, MySQL and PHP. Currently, the user only has the monthly readings, delivered by the electricity service provider, ignoring the reality about critical environments within the home. Through the proposed system. The user can know in any place and at any time the electricity consumption generated in specific areas, and thus take appropriate energy saving measures

Methods and Processes of Developing the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology – Veterinary (STROBE-Vet) Statement

BACKGROUND Reporting of observational studies in veterinary research presents challenges that often are not addressed in published reporting guidelines. OBJECTIVE To develop an extension of the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement that addresses unique reporting requirements for observational studies in veterinary medicine related to health, production, welfare, and food safety. DESIGN Consensus meeting of experts. SETTING Mississauga, Canada. PARTICIPANTS Seventeen experts from North America, Europe, and Australia. METHODS Experts completed a pre-meeting survey about whether items in the STROBE statement should be modified or added to address unique issues related to observational studies in animal species with health, production, welfare, or food safety outcomes. During the meeting, each STROBE item was discussed to determine whether or not rewording was recommended and whether additions were warranted. Anonymous voting was used to determine consensus. RESULTS Six items required no modifications or additions. Modifications or additions were made to the STROBE items 1 (title and abstract), 3 (objectives), 5 (setting), 6 (participants), 7 (variables), 8 (data sources/measurement), 9 (bias), 10 (study size), 12 (statistical methods), 13 (participants), 14 (descriptive data), 15 (outcome data), 16 (main results), 17 (other analyses), 19 (limitations), and 22 (funding). CONCLUSION The methods and processes used were similar to those used for other extensions of the STROBE statement. The use of this STROBE statement extension should improve reporting of observational studies in veterinary research by recognizing unique features of observational studies involving food-producing and companion animals, products of animal origin, aquaculture, and wildlife