The Economic Position of the United States and Louisiana in the World Market for Soybeans and the Future Outlook.

This study was designed to analyze the supply-demand relationships and institutional arrangements in the world market for soybeans, and to estimate the market potential for United States and Louisiana soybeans for 1985. Subsidies, tariffs and other devices imposed by soybean importing and exporting countries were compared. Prices and regulatory policies were evaluated as to their impact upon land use and soybean production. Trends in soybean production, imports and exports were developed for three time periods and compared on a world-wide basis, by geographic regions, and for major countries involved in soybean trade. The impact of substitutes upon United States exports of soybeans and soybean products was evaluated by means of multiple regression analysis. For each of the export categories (United States exports of soybeans, soybean meal and soybean oil) two equations were developed. One related the exports to world prices of competitive commodities and the other to volumes of imports of other oilseed commodities by main soybean importing nations. Development of a model for predicting future market potential for United States and Louisiana soybeans entailed the postulation of a theoretical supply-demand frame-work which involved three equations representing the production sector, the domestic sector, and the export demand sector. United States soybean exports included both the bean exports and the bean equivalent of soybean meal exports. A foreign exchange variable was included in the export demand equation. Coefficient values reported in the study were estimated from time series data for the period 1961-1977. Soybeans and soybean products are traded under relatively free market conditions, with import restrictions and export incentives directed primarily to soybean oil. During 1961-1977 the United States and Brazil exploited the comparative advantage that the two countries have in the production of soybeans. These two countries are endowed with vast amounts of land suitable for the production of the crop and producers in both countries have responded favorably to incentive programs implemented by the respective governments. In the United States, acreage controls and marketing quotas on feed grains have shifted land out of those crops and primarily into soybeans. Additional new lands have been cleared and brought into soybean production. The latter has been specially important in Brazil. The trend analysis indicates that the United States and Brazil, as exporters, and the Economic Community and Japan, as importers, will continue to play a dominant role in the world soybean market. Competition from other oilseeds and oilseed products does not appear to be strong enough to threaten the export demand for United States soybeans. Major competition was shown by groundnuts, palmkernels, and sunflowerseed. The predictive model indicates that the outlook for United States exports of soybeans is good for the years ahead. Soybean producers in the United States would likely benefit from this promising export market. The export demand for soybeans in 1985 is predicted to be 1,105 million bushels which is equivalent to 53 percent of United States predicted production of 2,078 million bushels for the same year. Given the explicit assumptions associated with the model from which the 1985 predictions were derived and assuming that competition from competing oilseeds, shifts in tastes, preferences, and feeding technologies would not drastically change, the model implies an annual increase of 33.5 million bushels in total soybean demand (14.9 millions in domestic demand and 18.6 millions in export demand). The larger annual increase in export demand is likely to benefit Louisiana since about 90 percent of the soybean production from the state is exported. The foreign exchange variable was found to be very important in explaining variations in the level of export demand for soybeans

Methodology for processing time series using machine learning

There are currently countless applications that can be cited in different areas of research and industry, where the data are represented in the form of time series. In the last few years, a dramatic explosion in the amount of time series ha occurred, so their analysis plays a very important role, since it permits to understand the phenomena described. A "time series" is a set of data of a certain phenomenon or equation, sequentially recorded. An alternative that allows to know the behavior and dynamics of a set of time series has been presented in the problem of classification, however, it is necessary to mention that most of the phenomena found in real life do not have a classification and that is why the unsupervised classification has brought great interest. Classification is organizing and categorizing objects into different, unlabeled classes or groups, which must be coherent or homogeneous [1][2]. This research proposes a methodology for obtaining the unsupervised classification of a set of time series using an unsupervised approach

La confesión extrajudicial en materia penal

Breves consideraciones sobre los conceptos de juicio y de la prueba, como presupuesto para abordar el tema de la Confesión. La confesión, aspectos generales y su clasificación. La Confesión extrajudicial, Naturaleza Jurídica y como prueba en la legislación procesal penal salvadoreña. Proceso histórico de la confesión extrajudicial en la legislación procesal penal salvadoreña. La confesión extrajudicial, en el nuevo proyecto del ' Código procesal penal salvadoreño. Consideraciones personales sobre la confesión extrajudicial, su conveniencia o inconveniencia, como prueba en la legislación procesal penal salvadoreña

Acute toxicity of Microcystis spp. (Cyanobacteria) bloom on Moina minuta (Cladocera) in a tropical reservoir, Northeastern Brazil

Worldwide cyanobacterial blooms have been registered, where harmful species dominance is associated to producing of toxic compounds (cyanotoxins) with adverse effects on several organisms. Acute toxicity of crude extracts from Microcystis bloom occurring in Mundaú reservoir was evaluated by bioassays with the neotropical Cladocera Moina minuta. Samples were taken in the reservoir during the rainy (April/2012) and dry season (September/2012). Cyanobacterial analyses were performed by identification on optical microscopy and direct counting using an inverted microscope. Bloom samples were frozen, lyophilized and re-suspended in deionized water for preparation of extracts. Tests with the cladoceran were carried out in test tubes with different concentrations of the crude extract, diluted in 10 mL reconstituted water. In both rainy and dry periods, densities of Microcystis spp. were above 15x103 ind mL-1. Microcystin concentrations in the extracts were 0.70 (+ 0,009) (rainy season) and 0.69 (+ 0,005) (dry season) μg g-1. The LC50 (48h) of crude extract for both rainy and dry periods was 160 (100 – 255) and 72 (4 – 1113) mg L-1, respectively. These results indicated that extracts of Microcystis spp. were acutely toxic to M. minuta population with suggesting that such events represent potential toxicity to zooplankton

Aporte a la determinación de un plan de uso eficiente del agua en cultivo protegido de pepino mediante la evapotranspiración, en el municipio de Turbo – Antioquia – Colombia

TablasEl experimento se realizó en la finca LA PRADERA en el corregimiento de PIEDRECITAS localizada en el municipio de Turbo – Antioquia, durante los meses de octubre de 2014 a febrero de 2015. Con el objetivo de evaluar el volumen del agua sobre rendimiento y calidad del cultivo de pepino, se realizó un arreglo en parcela de diseño simple al azar, en 4 tratamientos a los cuales se les aporto diferentes dosis de agua de riego diario. T1: 25%, T2: 50%, T3: 75%, T4:100%. A partir de los registros diarios de la evapotranspiración mediante el tanque evaporímetro tipo A, instalado en el interior del invernadero, cuyos valores de riego se realizaron mediante el coeficiente del cultivo Kc, Los resultados indicaron que no hubo diferencias significativas entre los tratamiento en evaluación al crecimiento de la planta, numero de hojas y numero de frutoThe experiment was conducted at the farm PRAIRIE pebble in the village located in the municipality of Turbo - Antioquia, during the months of October 2014 to February 2015. In order to assess the volume of water yield and crop quality cucumber, a settlement simple random plot design was performed in 4 treatments to which he provided them with different doses of water daily irrigation. T1: 25 %, T2: 50 %, T3: 75 %, T4: 100%. From the daily records of evapotranspiration by pan evaporation type, installed inside the greenhouse, irrigation whose values were performed using the crop coefficient Kc? The results indicated no significant differences between treatment assessment growth of the plant, number of leaves and number of frui

sistema de destilação de água do Laboratório de Termo-hidráulica Experimental (LTE)

Este relatório técnico apresenta as modificações efetuadas no sistema de destilação da água utilizada no Laboratório de Termo-hidráulica Experimental – LTE. Uma bomba centrífuga auxiliar foi instalada no sistema junto com válvulas, conexões e tubulações novas, com o objetivo de alimentar os destiladores e transferir a água destilada para os tanques de armazenamento

Analysis of air quality data in the city of Bogotá through clustering techniques

Climate change is one of the problems facing society today because of its impacts on the health of living beings. That is why the authorities need tools that provide them with the information necessary to make decisions that will reduce the impact of such change. This paper proposes a strategy to group the air quality data of the metropolitan area of the City of Bogotá from 2014 to 2018, in order to recognize the measurement patterns in the environmental contaminants that cause pre-contingencies and environmental contingencies in the area of the City of Bogotá

Nonlinear encryption for multiple images based on a joint transform correlator and the Gyrator transform

A novel nonlinear encryption–decryption system based on a joint transform correlator (JTC) and the Gyrator transform (GT) for the simultaneous encryption and decryption of multiple images in grayscale is proposed. This security system features a high level of security for the single real-valued encrypted image and a high image quality for the multiple decrypted images. The multispectral or color images are considered as a special case, taking each color component as a grayscale image. All multiple grayscale images (original images) to encrypt are encoded in phase and placed in the input plane of the JTC at the same time without overlapping. We introduce two random-phase masks (RPMs) keys for each image to encrypt at the input plane of the JTC-based encryption system. The total number of the RPM keys is given by the double of the total number of the grayscale images to be encrypted. The use of several RPMs as keys improves the security of the encrypted image. The joint Gyrator power distribution (JGPD) is the intensity of the GT of the input plane of the JTC. We obtain only a single real-valued encrypted image with a high level of security for all the multiple grayscale images to encrypt by introducing two new suitable nonlinear modifications on the JGPD. The security keys are given by the RPMs and the rotation angle of the GT. The decryption system is implemented by two successive GTs applied to the encrypted image and the security keys given by the RPMs and considering the rotation angle of the GT. We can simultaneously retrieve the various information of the original images at the output plane of the decryption system when all the security keys are correct. Another result due to the appropriate definition of the two nonlinear operations applied on the JGPD is the retrieval of the multiple decrypted images with a high image quality. The numerical simulations are computed with the purpose of demonstrating the validity and performance of the novel encryption–decryption system.This research has been funded by the Universidad de La Guajira (Riohacha), the Universidad Popular del Cesar (Valledupar) and the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya · BarcelonaTech, SGR 2021 SGR 00388 and the Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Spanish Government (PID2020- 114582RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033).Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Double image encryption system using a nonlinear joint transform correlator in the Fourier domain

In this work, we present a new nonlinear joint transform correlator (JTC) architecture in the Fourier domain (FD) for the encryption and decryption of two simultaneous images. The main features of the proposed system are its increased level of security, the obtention of a single real-valued encrypted signal that contains the ciphered information of the two primary images and, additionally, a high image quality for the two final decrypted signals. The two images to be encrypted can be either related to each other, or independent signals. The encryption system is based on the double random phase encoding (DRPE), which is implemented by using a nonlinear JTC in the FD. The input plane of the JTC has four non-overlapping data distributions placed side-by-side with no blank spaces between them. The four data distributions are phase-only functions defined by the two images to encrypt and four random phase masks (RPMs). The joint power spectrum (JPS) is produced by the intensity of the Fourier transform (FT) of the input plane of the JTC. One of the main novelties of the proposal consists of the determination of the appropriate two nonlinear operations that modify the JPS distribution with a twofold purpose: to obtain a single real-valued encrypted image with a high level of security and to improve the quality of the decrypted images. The security keys of the encryption system are represented by the four RPMs, which are all necessary for a satisfactory decryption. The decryption system is implemented using a 4f-processor where the encrypted image and the security keys given by the four RPMs are introduced in the proper plane of the processor. The double image encryption system based on a nonlinear JTC in the FD increases the security of the system because there is a larger key space, and we can simultaneously validate two independent information signals (original images to encrypt) in comparison to previous similar proposals. The feasibility and performance of the proposed double image encryption and decryption system based on a nonlinear JTC are validated through computational simulations. Finally, we additionally comment on the proposed security system resistance against different attacks based on brute force, plaintext and deep learning.This research has been funded by the Universidad de La Guajira (Riohacha), the Universidad Popular del Cesar (Valledupar) and the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya · BarcelonaTech.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Analysis of air quality data in the city of Bogotá through clustering techniques

Climate change is one of the problems facing society today because of its impacts on the health of living beings. That is why the authorities need tools that provide them with the information necessary to make decisions that will reduce the impact of such change. This paper proposes a strategy to group the air quality data of the metropolitan area of the City of Bogotá from 2014 to 2018, in order to recognize the measurement patterns in the environmental contaminants that cause pre-contingencies and environmental contingencies in the area of the City of Bogotá