Changes on grape volatile composition after elicitors and nitrogen compounds foliar applications to 'Garnacha', 'Tempranillo' and 'Graciano' vines

Grape volatile compounds determine the wine quality and typicity. The aim of this work was to study the effects of several foliar applications in 'Garnacha', 'Tempranillo', and 'Graciano' grapevines in order to enhance their grape volatile composition. The field trial involved the application of two nitrogen compounds, urea (Ur) and phenylalanine (Phe), and two elicitors, methyl jasmonate (MeJ) and a yeast extract (YE). The analysis of grape volatile compounds was carried out by HS-SPME-GC-MS. For 'Garnacha', most terpenes, and C13 norisoprenoids increased their grape content by applying Ur and Phe, and especially MeJ. For 'Tempranillo', treatments with Ur and MeJ improved the synthesis of most terpenoids. For 'Graciano', a trend to decrease the terpenoids content in grapes with the treatments was observed; however, Phe application increased C13 norisoprenoids content. In conclusion, foliar application of, Phe or Ur, and an elicitor, MeJ, can be a useful tool to improve grape quality

El turismo en Cuba. Un análisis geográfico

The tourist industry in Cuba dates from the beginning of the twentieth century and its development is closely linked 'to the economic, social and political changes that have taken place on the island throughout this century. The 1959 Revolution signalled the disappearance of internatioiial tourism. A gradual recovery in tourism began in the1970s and 1980s and rapid growth folloved the fall of the socialist block in 1989 when tourism was considered as the only way to achieve the economic regeneration of the country. Despite recent environmental policies in tourism development, the distribution of hotel capacity reflects a marked polarisation of the tourism offer along the seafront and in the cities. The existing Caribbean model of coastal tourism is thus being reinforced, with the subsequent risk of jeopardising alternative future development of other forms of tourism. El turismo, como industria, tiene sus orígenes en Cuba a principios del s. XX y su desarrollo va estrechamente ligado a los cambios económicos, sociales y políticos ocurridos en la isla a lo largo de este siglo. La Revolución de 1959 supondrá la desaparición del turismo internacional que no se recuperará, lentamente, hasta los años 70 y 80 y, de una forma acelerada, a partir de 1989 con la caída del bloque socialista, al ser considerado la única alternativa para la recuperación económica del país. Aunque en los últimos años se ha introducido la planificación ambiental en el desarrollo turístico, la distribución de la capacidad hotelera, refleja una fuerte polarización de la oferta en las playas y las ciudades, consagrando el modelo de turismo litoral existente en el resto del Caribe, con el riesgo de hipotecar un futuro desarrollo alternativo de otras modalidades turísticas

Functional diversity of phytochrome family in the control of light and gibberellin-mediated germination in Arabidopsis

In several species, seed germination is regulated by light in a way that restricts seedling emergence to the environmental conditions that are likely to be favourable for the success of the new individual, and therefore, this behaviour is recognized to have adaptive value. The phytochromes are one of the most relevant photoreceptors involved in light perception by plants. We explored the redundancy and diversity functions of the phytochrome family in the control of seed responsiveness to light and gibberellins (GA) by using a set of phytochrome mutants of Arabidopsis. Our data show that, in addition to the well-known role of phyB in the promotion of germination in response to high red to far-red ratios (R/FR), phyE and phyD stimulate germination at very low R/FR ratios, probably by promoting the action of phyA. Further, we show that phyC regulates negatively the seed responsiveness to light, unravelling unexpected functions for phyC in seed germination. Finally, we find that seed responsiveness to GA is mainly controlled by phyB, with phyC, phyD and phyE having relevant roles when acting in a phyB-deficient background. Our results indicate that phytochromes have multiple and complex roles during germination depending on the active photoreceptor background.Estación Experimental Agropecuaria BarilocheFil: Arana, María Veronica. Intituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA). Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sanchez Lamas, Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Fundacion Leloir; ArgentinaFil: Strasser, B. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Fundacion Leloir; ArgentinaFil: Ibarra, Silvia E. Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cerdan, Pablo Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Fundacion Leloir; ArgentinaFil: Botto, Juan Francisco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sanchez, Rodolfo Augusto. Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

L'appui à l'agriculture familiale au Brésil, le projet de coopération entre Embrapa et Cirad-tera.

Ce texte présente quelques éclairages de ces travaux conduits par différents chercheurs ou doctorants du Cirad-tera et par leurs colleges brésiliens, mettant en oeuvre diverses démarches, spécifiques et complémentaires, destinées à traiter du fait technique en agriculture familiale, du développement agricole et du développement rural. L'organisation des unités de production et le dispositif local de gestion de l'innovation dans les Cerrados. Les interactions entre changements techniques et institutionnels. Le cas du municipe de Silvânia. Organisation des producteurs et action collective dans Ia région du Nordeste. Valorisation des productions de I'agriculture familiale au Nordeste. Organisation des producteurs et action collective dans Ia région du Nordeste. De la diffusion technologique à Ia prise en compte de l'espace au Nordeste

Abrindo a porteira: a relação dos sistemas de produção com a comercialização e a transformação, num enfoque de pesquisa-desenvolvimento.

Busca-se apresentar o interesse cientifico para aprofundar a relacao entre sistemas de producao e sistemas de comercializacao e transformacao, com vista a planejar e realizar acoes mais eficientes de pesquisa apra o desenvolvimento rural. A primeira parte do trablaho trata da evolucao dos enfoques ta pesquisa em sistemas de producao, como fundamento para a inclusao das nacoes de sistema de comercializacao e de trasformacao na implementacao da P.D. Na segunda parte, frisam-se os motivos da aplicacao deste enfoque ao caso da agricultura familiar nordestina. Finalmente, na terceira parte, descreve-se em grandes linhas uma metodologia de estudo sobre circuitos de comercializacao e oportunidades de agregacao devalor para os produtos da agricultura familiar, atualmente desenvolvida pela EMBRAPA-CPATSA

Diurnal variability in alkaline phosphatase activity and the potential role of zooplankton

Daily light–dark cycles drive the circadian rhythm of many ocean processes including photosynthesis, gene expression, and zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM). In phosphate deplete surface ocean regions, microbes produce metalloenzymes, such as alkaline phosphatases (AP), to access dissolved organic phosphorus. Here, we provide novel evidence of diurnal variation in AP activity (APA) in the subtropical North Atlantic using two independent datasets, with APA being two‐ to three‐fold higher at night. We demonstrate that zooplankton are a source of AP and postulate that zooplankton DVM is a source of enhanced AP in the surface waters at night, with reduction or degradation of AP during the day. Our results challenge the current assumption that APA is linear over a 24‐h period. While future ocean scenarios predict intensification and expansion of oceanic phosphate limitation, our findings indicate a role for zooplankton in regenerating phosphate that is currently missing in conceptual and numerical models

Transcriptional responses of Trichodesmium to natural inverse gradients of Fe and P availability

The filamentous diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium is responsible for a significant fraction of marine di-nitrogen (N2) fixation. Growth and distribution of Trichodesmium and other diazotrophs in the vast oligotrophic subtropical gyres is influenced by iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) availability, while reciprocally influencing the biogeochemistry of these nutrients. Here we use observations across natural inverse gradients in Fe and P in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre (NASG) to demonstrate how Trichodesmium acclimates in situ to resource availability. Transcriptomic analysis identified progressive upregulation of known iron-stress biomarker genes with decreasing Fe availability, and progressive upregulation of genes involved in the acquisition of diverse P sources with decreasing P availability, while genes involved in N2 fixation were upregulated at the intersection under moderate Fe and P availability. Enhanced N2 fixation within the Fe and P co-stressed transition region was also associated with a distinct, consistent metabolic profile, including the expression of alternative photosynthetic pathways that potentially facilitate ATP generation required for N2 fixation with reduced net oxygen production. The observed response of Trichodesmium to availability of both Fe and P supports suggestions that these biogeochemically significant organisms employ unique molecular, and thus physiological responses as adaptations to specifically exploit the Fe and P co-limited niche they construct

Diversidade das formas de integração ao mercado: o caso da valorização dos laticínios pela agricultura familiar no sertão sergipano.

O leite representa, hoje, um dos principais vetores de integracao ao mercado da agricultura familiar nordestina. O diagnostico dos circuitos de comercializacao do leite e derivados produzidos na bacia leiteira centrada em Nossa Senhora da Gloria, no semi-arido sergipano, mostra que a diversidade dos sistemas de producao corresponde tambem, uma diversidade das formas de comercializacao. A valorizacao dos produtos da agricultura familiar nordestina realiza-se segundo diferentes logicas: domestica, artesanal, mercantil e industrial que podem operar num mesmo lugar de maneira paralela, complementar ou contraditoria. O enfoque dinamico da valorizacao dos laticinios no Estado de Sergipe contribui para identificar os impactos locais do contexto da globalizacao economica: emergencia de novos atores agro-industriais com uma logica multinacional, evolucao dos mercados internos e das normas de qualidade, entre outros. Mesmo assim, permanece uma grande diversidade de atores economicos, marcada pelo papel dos intermediarios que se situam na interface dessas diversas logicas

The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism

Increased intake of dietary carbohydrate that is fermented in the colon by the microbiota has been reported to decrease body weight, although the mechanism remains unclear. Here we use in vivo11C-acetate and PET-CT scanning to show that colonic acetate crosses the blood–brain barrier and is taken up by the brain. Intraperitoneal acetate results in appetite suppression and hypothalamic neuronal activation patterning. We also show that acetate administration is associated with activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and changes in the expression profiles of regulatory neuropeptides that favour appetite suppression. Furthermore, we demonstrate through 13C high-resolution magic-angle-spinning that 13C acetate from fermentation of 13C-labelled carbohydrate in the colon increases hypothalamic 13C acetate above baseline levels. Hypothalamic 13C acetate regionally increases the 13C labelling of the glutamate–glutamine and GABA neuroglial cycles, with hypothalamic 13C lactate reaching higher levels than the ‘remaining brain’. These observations suggest that acetate has a direct role in central appetite regulation