Three-dimensional structure of the flow inside the left ventricle of the human heart

The laboratory models of the human heart left ventricle developed in the last decades gave a valuable contribution to the comprehension of the role of the fluid dynamics in the cardiac function and to support the interpretation of the data obtained in vivo. Nevertheless, some questions are still open and new ones stem from the continuous improvements in the diagnostic imaging techniques. Many of these unresolved issues are related to the three-dimensional structure of the left-ventricular flow during the cardiac cycle. In this paper we investigated in detail this aspect using a laboratory model. The ventricle was simulated by a flexible sack varying its volume in time according to a physiologically shaped law. Velocities measured during several cycles on series of parallel planes, taken from two orthogonal points of view, were combined together in order to reconstruct the phase averaged, three-dimensional velocity field. During the diastole, three main steps are recognized in the evolution of the vortical structures: i) straight propagation in the direction of the long axis of a vortex-ring originated from the mitral orifice; ii) asymmetric development of the vortex-ring on an inclined plane; iii) single vortex formation. The analysis of three-dimensional data gives the experimental evidence of the reorganization of the flow in a single vortex persisting until the end of the diastole. This flow pattern seems to optimize the cardiac function since it directs velocity towards the aortic valve just before the systole and minimizes the fraction of blood residing within the ventricle for more cycles

How entraining density currents influence the ocean stratification

Author Posting. © The Authors, 2005. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 53 (2006): 172-193, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.019.The sensitivity of the basin-scale ocean stratification to the vertical distribution of plume entrainment is being analyzed. A large ocean basin supplied by dense water from an adjoining marginal sea is considered. The dense water flows into the ocean basin as an entraining density current and interleaves at the bottom (or at the level of neutral density), where it deposits a mixture of marginal seaand basin water. As the basin water, i.e. 'old' plume water, is entrained and re-circulated in the plume a stratification develops in the basin. The mixture deposited at the bottom hence contains an increasing fraction of marginal sea water, and the basin density increases with depth as well as with time. A stationary solution in which diffusion of buoyancy from above is important is approached asymptotically in time. Non-diffusive solutions to the initial transient adjustment, as well as the diffusive asymptotic state, have been studied in four different parameterizations of plume entrainment. It is shown that in the transient regime the basin stratification and plume density are highly sensitive to how mixing is parameterized. The stationary diffusive solution that is approached asymptotically in time is less sensitive to parameterization but depends strongly on basin topography, source water density, and buoyancy flux at the surface.Part of this work was funded by Göteborg University and the Swedish Research Council under the contract G600-335/2001 through Prof. A. Omstedt. Support was given to CC by the National Science Foundation project number OCE-0050891

Circulation induced by isolated dense water formation over closed topographic contours

Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 47 (2017): 2251-2265, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-17-0042.1.The problem of localized dense water formation over a sloping bottom is considered for the general case in which the topography forms a closed contour. This class of problems is motivated by topography around islands or shallow shoals in which convection resulting from brine rejection or surface heat loss reaches the bottom. The focus of this study is on the large-scale circulation that is forced far from the region of surface forcing. The authors find that a cyclonic current is generated around the topography, in the opposite sense to the propagation of the dense water plume. In physical terms, this current results from the propagation of low sea surface height from the region of dense water formation anticyclonically along the topographic contours back to the formation region. This pressure gradient is then balanced by a cyclonic geostrophic flow. This basic structure is well predicted by a linear quasigeostrophic theory, a primitive equation model, and in rotating tank experiments. For sufficiently strong forcing, the anticyclonic circulation of the dense plume meets this cyclonic circulation to produce a sharp front and offshore advection of dense water at the bottom and buoyant water at the surface. This nonlinear limit is demonstrated in both the primitive equation model and in the tank experiments.MAS was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE-1534618. Support for CC was given by the WHOI Ocean Climate Change Institute Proposal 27071273.2018-03-2

Turbulence investigation in a laboratory model of the ascending aorta

This study aims to investigate turbulence inside a model of the human ascending aorta as a function of the main flow control parameters. For this purpose, we performed a two-dimensional in vitro investigation of the pulsatile flow inside a laboratory model of a healthy aorta by varying both the Reynolds and Womersley numbers. Our findings indicate that the velocity fluctuations become significant particularly during the deceleration phase of the flow, reach the maximum near the systolic peak and then decay during the rest of the diastole phase. Higher levels of turbulence were recovered for increasing Stroke Volumes, in particular maxima of Turbulent Kinetic Energy occurred in the bulk region while higher values of Reynolds shear stresses were found in correspondence of the sinus of Valsalva

Speckled-speckle field as a resource for imaging techniques

Correlated states of light, both classical and quantum, can find useful applications in the implementation of several imaging techniques. Among the employed sources, pseudo-thermal states, generated by the passage of a laser beam through a diffuser, represent the standard choice. To produce light with a higher level of correlation, in this work we consider and characterize the speckled-speckle field obtained with two diffusers using both a numerical simulation and an experimental implementation. In order to discuss the potential usefulness of super-thermal light in imaging protocols, we analyze the behavior of some figures of merit, namely the contrast, the signal-to-noise ratio and the image resolution. The obtained results clarify the possible advantages offered by this kind of light, and at the same time better emphasize the reasons why it does not outperform pseudo-thermal light

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A CAPACITIVE TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEM FOR MULTIPHASE FLOW

This paper presents the experimental development of a capacitive tomography system applied to the study of multiphase flows. A capacitance sensor with eight electrodes and a capacitance measurement transducer were constructed. The two-phase flow void fraction was obtained through an electric-mechanical measurement system. The reconstruction of the image of several two-phase flows was obtained using the linear back projection method. Numerical simulation of the capacitance values between electrode pairs wereperformed, through the method of finite elements, in order to obtain the sensibility maps. This experimental procedure showed the influence of several parameters on the quality of the reconstructed images. The quality of the reconstructed images for air-water and water-oil flows, for different void fractions, demonstrated the validity of the tomography system developed

NUMERICAL STUDY OF A CAPACITIVE TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEM FOR MULTIPHASE FLOW

This paper presents the development of a capacitive tomography system applied to the study of multiphase flows. A numerical analysis, through the finite elements method, was performed to obtain data for the optimization ofthe geometry of the capacitance sensor. The image reconstruction of several flow patterns was obtained through the method of linear back projection, allowing the verification of the influence of several parameters upon the quality of the images, making its application easier in an experimental procedure. Several numerical simulations were performed for air-water flow, for the stratified and annular patterns. A resource of cut-off level, which depends of previous knowledge of the liquid fraction, was implemented in a way to improve the quality of the reconstructed images. The results obtained for several values of void fraction and for different patterns of flow, demonstrate the validity of the developed tomographic system

Vegetation cover analysis using a low budget hyperspectral proximal sensing system

This report describes the implementation of a hyperspectral proximal sensing low-budget acquisition system and its application to the detection of terrestrian vegetation cover anomalies in sites of high environmental quality. Anomalies can be due to stress for lack of water and/or pollution phenomena and weed presence in agricultural fields. The hyperspectral cube (90-bands ranging from 450 to 900 nm) was acquired from the hill near Segni (RM), approximately 500 m far from the target, by means of electronically tunable filters and 8 bit CCD cameras. Spectral libraries were built using both endmember identification method and extraction of centroids of the clusters obtained from a k-means analysis of the image itself. Two classification methods were applied on the hyperspectral cube: Spectral Angle Mapper (hard) and Mixed Tuned Matching Filters (MTMF). Results show the good capability of the system in detecting areas with an arboreal, shrub or leafage cover, distinguishing between zones with different spectral response. Better results were obtained using spectral library originated by the k-means method. The detected anomalies not correlated to seasonal phenomena suggest a ground true analysis to identify their origin

Interactions between permeation and gating in the TMEM16B/anoctamin2 calcium-activated chloride channel

At least two members of the TMEM16/anoctamin family, TMEM16A (also known as anoctamin1) and TMEM16B (also known as anoctamin2), encode Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CaCCs), which are found in various cell types and mediate numerous physiological functions. Here, we used whole-cell and excised inside-out patch-clamp to investigate the relationship between anion permeation and gating, two processes typically viewed as independent, in TMEM16B expressed in HEK 293T cells. The permeability ratio sequence determined by substituting Cl- with other anions (PX/PCl) was SCN- > I- > NO3- > Br- > Cl- > F- > gluconate. When external Cl- was substituted with other anions, TMEM16B activation and deactivation kinetics at 0.5 μM Ca2+ were modified according to the sequence of permeability ratios, with anions more permeant than Cl- slowing both activation and deactivation and anions less permeant than Cl- accelerating them. Moreover, replacement of external Cl- with gluconate, or sucrose, shifted the voltage dependence of steady-state activation (G-V relation) to more positive potentials, whereas substitution of extracellular or intracellular Cl- with SCN- shifted G-V to more negative potentials. Dose-response relationships for Ca2+ in the presence of different extracellular anions indicated that the apparent affinity for Ca2+ at +100 mV increased with increasing permeability ratio. The apparent affinity for Ca2+ in the presence of intracellular SCN- also increased compared with that in Cl-. Our results provide the first evidence that TMEM16B gating is modulated by permeant anions and provide the basis for future studies aimed at identifying the molecular determinants of TMEM16B ion selectivity and gating. © 2014 Betto et al