Mercados de trabajo locales y desarrollo territorial sostenible

Una amplia tradición de científicos sociales de varios campos disciplinares están de acuerdo en definir los mercados de trabajo locales como espacios de movilidad diaria de la población por motivos de trabajo (Combes 1986; Eurostat, 1992; Casado Díaz, 1991). La cuestión que se plantea en este trabajo es si estos espacios, además de ser útiles para la gestión territorial de las políticas de empleo, pueden resultar unidades territoriales adecuadas para la concepción de políticas multidimensionales más amplias promotoras del desarrollo sostenible de los territorios que delimitan.____________________________________Social scientists from several disciplinary fields long agree that local labour markets can be defined as spaces of daily population mobility due to labour reasons (Combes 1986; Eurostat, 1992; Casado Díaz, 1991). The question we address in this paper is whether these spaces are not only useful for territorial management of employment policy, but also suitable territorial units in conceptualizing wider multidimensional politics that can facilitate sustainable territorial development

Propuesta metodológica para el estudio de la segmentación de los mercados de trabajo locales : un estudio empírico, inductivo y multidimensional

Este trabajo defiende que el desarrollo del enfoque de los mercados de trabajo segmentados —MTS— marca un importante punto de inflexión en el análisis laboral, al invertir la metodología de análisis de la estructura que presentan los mercados de trabajo y al poner de manifiesto la multiplicidad de factores que intervienen en la estructuración de los mismos. La hipótesis central de este enfoque es que en el mercado de trabajo existen diferentes segmentos cuya existencia no queda explicada completamente por el nivel de cualificación de la población, como defiende la teoría del capital humano, sino que los determinantes de esta estructura pueden estar asociados a factores vinculados a la demanda, a la oferta de trabajo, a procesos históricos, o a otros factores tradicionalmente considerados externos al modelo convencional, como el ámbito familiar, la zona de residencia o, el entorno socio-demográfico del individuo. Este trabajo de investigación estudia la diversidad de factores que intervienen en la configuración de los mercados laborales segmentados y la marcada dimensión territorial de los mismos. La dimensión territorial de la segmentación laboral, aunque implícita en los trabajos empíricos que empiezan a surgir a partir de los setenta —fundamentalmente entre aquéllos que se desarrollan bajo la tercera generación de institucionalistas-segmentacionistas, como muestran los capítulos 2 y 3—, ha tenido un escaso impacto sobre la evolución del análisis segmentación laboral local, pese a la riqueza de sus aportaciones. Las diferencias que se observaban en las estructuras del empleo resultantes en los distintos trabajos empíricos, condujeron a que muchos de estos trabajos fuesen declarados como excesivamente empíricos y localistas. Quizás este hecho provocase el lento desarrollo de la dimensión territorial del empleo al desplazar el debate, entre defensores y detractores del enfoque de la segmentación, más hacia la supuesta incapacidad del modelo segmentacionista para demostrar de forma empírica y generalizada la existencia de dos segmentos, que hacia el estudio de los fundamentos de la estructuración de los mercados como vía para combatir los problemas desigualdad, discriminación y pobreza de los mercados de trabajo. Bajo la concepción del mercado laboral defendida en este trabajo estos trabajos lejos de reflejar la inoperatividad del enfoque segmentacionista mostraban, bajo una metodología inductiva y multidimensional, que la segmentación laboral lejos de ser universal, venía determinada por combinaciones particulares de factores de diferente naturaleza: sociales, económicos, institucionales, culturales e incluso familiares. Una diversidad que difícilmente puede implementarse en único modelo generalizable a todos los mercados. Bajo estas premisas las hipótesis planteadas en este trabajo son: 1) que la oferta de trabajo participa activamente en la configuración de los segmentos —conforme a los principios defendidos desde la tercera generación de institucionalistas-segmentacionistas—; 2) que de la misma forma que existe una estructura del empleo, existe también una estructura del desempleo. El estudio complementario de ambas y de los elementos determinantes de las mismas, puede resultar e gran utilidad, no sólo, porque contribuye a mejorar el conocimiento sobre el funcionamiento de los mercados de trabajo, sino también, porque ayuda a establecer líneas de acción más ajustadas a las necesidades de generación de empleo en los territorios y 3) que es en el territorio donde los factores socio-económicos, personales, institucionales y ambientales se concretan dando lugar a procesos de estructuración del mercado diferentes.--------------------------- This work defends that the development of the segmented labour market approach marks a relevant turning point in labour analysis, as it inverts the methodology analysis of the labour market structure and shows the numerous factors that take part in their structuring. The central hypothesis of this approach is that in the labour market there are different segments whose existence is not completely explained by the qualification level of the population, as stated by the human capital theory, but rather that the determining factors of this structure can be associated to factors related to demand, job offer, historical processes, or other factors traditionally considered external to the conventional model, such as the individual’s family environment, area of residence, or socio-demographic environment. This research work studies the diversity of factors that take part in the structuring of segmented labour markets and their marked territorial dimension. The territorial dimension of labour segmentation, although implicit in the empirical works starting in the 1970’s –mainly those developing under the third generation of institutionalists-segmentationists, as shown in chapters 2 and 3–, has had a low impact on the evolution of the analysis of local labour segmentation, despite the richness of its contributions. The differences observed in employment structures resulting from the different empirical works led many of these works to be considered excessively empirical and localist. This fact may have caused the slow development of the territorial dimension of employment, as it has displaced the debate among defenders and detractors of the segmentation approach more towards the supposed inability of the segmentationist model to prove in an empirical and generalized way the existence of two segments, rather that towards the study of the fundaments of market structuring as a way of tackling the problems of inequality, discrimination and poverty of the labour markets. Under the labour market conception defended by this thesis, far from reflecting the ineffectiveness of the segmentationist approach, these works showed, under an inductive and multidimensional methodology, that labour segmentation, far from being universal, is determined by specific combinations of factors of a different nature: social, economic, institutional, cultural, and even family factors. This diversity can hardly be implemented in a single model generalizable to all markets. Under these premises, the hypotheses stated in this work are that: 1) job offer participates actively in the configuration of segments –according to the principles defined by the third generation of institutionalists-segmentationists–; 2) similarly as there is an employment structure, there is also an unemployment structure. The complementary study of both hypotheses and their determining elements can be very useful not only because it helps improve the knowledge about the operation of labour markets, but also because it helps establish lines of actions that better adapt to the needs of employment creation in the territories; and 3) it is in the territory where socio-economic, personal, institutional and environmental factors are shaped, resulting in different processes of market structuring

Unqueality and poverty in Great Recession. Differences between EU countries

Este artículo pretende observar las diferencias en el comportamiento de los países de la UE en cuanto a la pobreza y la desigualdad de renta y los fenómenos con los que parecen estar asociados, especialmente con la actividad económica, el empleo y las políticas sociales de bienestar social. Se observa cómo el incremento de la pobreza y desigualdad de algunos países está asociado, más que con la actividad económica de los mismos, con las políticas sociales de bienestar social y de mercado de trabajo. Las técnicas multicriterio utilizadas han sido de gran utilidad para demostrar las hipótesis planteadasThis article analyzes the differences in the treatment that the EU countries give to poverty and inequality and the factors to which they seem to be related, such as economic activity, employment and social policies of welfare. It is shown how the increase in poverty and inequality in some countries is related, rather than to their economic activity, to the social policies, social welfare policies and job market. The multicriteria techniques used here have been very useful to prove the proposed hypothesi

Protocol to desensitize human and murine mast cells after polyclonal IgE sensitization.

In this protocol, we provide detailed instructions to desensitize human and murine mast cells (MCs) after polyclonal IgE sensitization. Moreover, we specify the steps for MC degranulation assessment after desensitization, measuring CD63 and CD107a expression by flow cytometry and b-hexosaminidase activity. Desensitized MCs can be used directly for co-culture with other cell types, immunofluorescence, live imaging, and omics approaches.post-print3350 K

La Civilidad en las Castas Veladas del México Actual

This paper deals with the problem of the present patterns of living together of Mexicans, starting from the concept of Caste, managed during the Colonial times. In the New Spain, that concept meant ‘racial mixture’ and, with that meaning, the concept integrated two different semantic horizons: that of the mixture of races and that of the social stratum. During the Colonial times, the caste placed people in two different horizons, one based on somatic characteristics, and another, based on social hierarchy. Today, the Novohispanic meanings of the words ‘caste’ y ‘race’ are absent. The issue of the somatic differences has disappeared from the analysis of the identity of the Mexican, but those differences are still underlined as a sign of differences of economic, educative and cultural wealth, and, overall, as a sign of interpersonal manners, that is, as signs of differences of civility.El escrito aborda el problema de los actuales patrones de convivencia de los mexicanos, a partir del concepto de Casta, manejado durante la Colonia. En la Nueva España ese concepto significó ‘mezcla racial’ y, con ese significado, el concepto integró dos distintos horizontes semánticos: el de mezcla de razas y el de estrato social. Durante la Colonia, la casta ubicaba a las personas dentro de dos distintos horizontes, uno basado en características somáticas, y otro, basado en la jerarquización social. Hoy, los significados novohispanos de las palabras ‘casta’ y ‘raza’ están ausentes. El tema de las diferencias somáticas ha desaparecido del campo del análisis de la identidad del mexicano, pero esas diferencias todavía son señaladas como signo de diferencias de riqueza económica, educativa y cultural, y sobre todo, como signo de maneras de trato interpersonal, es decir, como signos de diferencias de civilidad

La diversidad de situaciones de las mujeres en el mercado laboral en función de las características socio-demográficas de sus zonas de residencia

The present communication, according to data extracted from a half-yearly panel about employment carried out from 1999 in 2234 households in the town of Huelva (using a very similar methodology to EPA (INE), approaches the research of differences in the labour situation of women depending on socio-demographic characteristics of the neighbourhood where they live. Differences between male and female labour situation in each area are studied as well as differences between women in different areas. Conclusions extracted from this research are very useful in order to design and implement politics of equality of opportunities more effective and adapted to the different situations of different kinds of women in the labour market.La presente comunicación, a partir de los datos extraídos de un panel semestral de empleo realizado desde 1999 a 2.234 hogares residentes en la ciudad de Huelva (empleando una metodología muy similar a la de la EPA del INE), aborda el estudio de las desigualdades en la situación laboral de las mujeres atendiendo a las características socio-demográficas del barrio donde residen. Se estudian tanto las desigualdades por género en cada zona como las que se dan en las mujeres entre una zona y otra. Las conclusiones que se pueden extraer de este análisis son de gran utilidad de cara al diseño e implementación de políticas de igualdad de oportunidades más eficaces y adaptadas a las diferentes situaciones en las que se encuentran distintos tipos de mujeres en el mercado de trabajo

Effects of the Minimum Wage (MW) on Income Inequality: Systematic Review and Analysis of the Spanish Case

The minimum wage has become a standard measure in the economic and social policies of countries all over the world. The primary objective of this measure is to guarantee that workers receive a minimum wage that allows them to lead a decent life, thereby reducing inequality and poverty. However, studies on the minimum wage have not focused on assessing the effects on these dimensions but only on employment. The objective of this study is to address this research gap by analysing the effects of minimum wage increases on income inequality and poverty. To this end, firstly, a systematic review of the empirical analyses was conducted using the PRISMA methodology, with a view to ensuring that all empirical evidence was available. Secondly, the Spanish case was examined. The significant increase in minimum wage in Spain in 2019 (21.3% in real terms) presents an invaluable opportunity to utilise this event as a natural experiment to generate new evidence. A difference-in-differences approach was employed to assess the impact of this phenomenon in the period 2018–2019 with microdata from European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EUSILC for Spain). In doing so, two basic scientific contributions were made. The first one, a systematic, exhaustive, and up-to-date literature review (up to June 2024), as there is, to our knowledge, no recent systematic review of this relationship (minimum wage vs. inequality). The available evidence indicates a clear inverse relationship between the minimum wage and inequalities and poverty. The second one, regarding the Spanish case, there has been a dearth of scientific studies on this subject. Thus, this paper provides new scientific evidence demonstrating that a significant increase in the minimum wage can significantly improve the income of low-wage earners, thereby reducing income inequality and in-work poverty. Furthermore, there is evidence of a spillover effect towards income groups closer to the treatment group

Inequality and globalisation: Analysis of European countries

This paper examines the relationship between income inequality and globalisation in 29 European countries over the period of 2005-2015, the period including phases of both growth and economic recession. Unlike other studies which analyse variations in inequality in specific countries or in both developed and developing economies, this study focuses on European countries, that is, high-income countries with highly developed economies. It investigates the influence on inequality exerted by trade and financial globalisation and technological development over the ten years through panel data multiple regression analysis. The results indicate that both trade globalisation and the degree of technological development are associated with reduction in inequality, while financial globalisation, and particularly foreign direct investment inward, are associated with increase in inequality. Furthermore, strong associations can be observed between the dimensions of the study in function of the average salaries and GDP per capita of different countries, reflected through partial correlations

Carrera académica y propensión a la transferencia de tecnología : el caso de la Universidad de Huelva

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los factores de la carrera profesional y académica que influyen sobre la propensión a transferir tecnología por parte de los investigadores universitarios. Para ello elaboramos un marco teórico que recoge los factores que han sido destacados en la literatura sobre el tema. Este marco teórico se contrasta para el caso de los investigadores de la Universidad de Huelva, lo que permite identificar los rasgos de los investigadores más propensos a implicarse en actividades de transferencia de tecnología. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, serían varones de las ramas de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Arquitectura, altamente productivos en publicaciones de libros y artículos, no doctores y que ocupan puestos poco estables en la universidad.The objective of this paper is analyzing the factors related to the academic and professional career that have influence over the propensity of university researchers to get involved into technology transfer activities. Our theoretical framework includes the factors that have been identified in the literature. This theoretical framework is contrasted for the case of the University of Huelva, finding the highest propensity in male pre-doctorate researchers on Sciences, Engineering and Architecture, highly productive in books and papers publishing in not tenure positions at university

Visualization of pathological changes in retinal layer thickness using optical coherence tomography

[Abstract]: Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues. Biomarkers such as the thickness of retinal layers can be used for the evaluation of several diseases such as glaucoma or multiple sclerosis. In this work, we create the thickness profiles of healthy and pathological eyes using a statistical model and developed a methodology to compare the thickness profiles of OCT images with the models and visually inspect the abnormal areas. This approach allows for a quick assessment of the retinal layers health, assisting clinicians and easing the diagnostic burden.This research was funded by Government of Spain, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y Universidades, Government of Spain, RTI2018-095894-B-I00 research project; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Government of Spain through the research projects with reference PID2019-108435RB-I00, reference PDC2022-133132-I00 and TED2021-131201B-I00; Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Universidade, Xunta de Galicia through the Grupos de Referencia Competitiva, grant ref. ED431C 2020/24; Emilio López Varela acknowledges its support under FPI PID2019-108435RB-I00 project.Xunta de Galicia; ED431C 2020/2