Football training program and injury prevention program WTA: a season of analysis with IT management Weakrisk Sporstsolutions in Italan élite football players third division (Serie C).

Purpose: The aim of this study is analyze the relationship with training program and injury prevention program in professional football players during competitive season in AJ Fano Calcio 1906 srl (Italian 3rd Division Serie C, 2019-2020). In fact, it is very important for the team to try to minimize or greatly reduce the incidence of injuries to ensure a better choice of players available to the coach according to the match. Our analysis will try to better understand the importance of creating an adequate postural set up by optimizing the functioning of the muscle kinetic chains, during the pre-training phase. Twenty eigth (n=28) élite football players took part in this study (age 21.4±3.3; body weigth 79.7±3.4 ; heigth 182.4±5.5 ; fat mass 9.2±1.9 ; ), without goalkeepers. In pre-season (4 weeks, from july to august) and during a season (december) the players performed yo yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (IR2), to evaluate aerobic and anaerobic performance before the start of season. At same time the players perfomed jump test (SJ, CMJ, CMJAS, JUMPS 15’’), with Optojump Microgate (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy). Every players has been analyzed with K-GPS Live 50Hz (K-Sport Universal STATS, Montelabbate (PU), Italy) and Polar Team System PRO 2 (Polar Electro, Finland, OY) to recorder maximal heart rate during a intermittent test and official match. Every players has done from July (start preseason) to February (in season), 300 sessions of WTA primitive prevention training program before and after training to preparare muscle chains to daily workout, 244 training during this period. Pre and post training program, performed on a daily basis, highlighted that AJ Fano Calcio 1906 srl, total incidence injury is 3.14/1000h, training incidence injury is 1.34/1000h and match incidence injury is 23.6/1000h, respectively - 23.4% to UEFA data total incidence injury (4.1/1000h), -46.4% to UEFA data training incidence injury (2.5/1000h) and 22.3% to Uefa data match incidence injury (19.3/1000h). Infact, this improvement in match injury (contact and non-contact), probabily due, to difference level of football players: in professional third division there are players that have a reduced coordination and intervention times compared to top level players. This element is clear also in different energy cost (í) from different players level during official matches: first division (21.7±0.7%) vs third division (27±2.5%) (ES=3.05, p<0.05). This event represent energy expenditure during a match: third division has low physical, technical and tactical quality compare first division pro and players have high energy expenditure levels. Probabily our hypothesis on this type of prevention program (primitive WTA) should be used already started youth to prepare muscle chains and improve coordination and movements in future athletes to reduce injuries

NTRC Plays a Crucial Role in Starch Metabolism, Redox Balance, and Tomato Fruit Growth

NADPH-thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) forms a separate thiol-reduction cascade in plastids, combining both NADPHthioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin activities on a single polypeptide. While NTRC is an important regulator of photosynthetic processes in leaves, its function in heterotrophic tissues remains unclear. Here, we focus on the role of NTRC in developing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits representing heterotrophic storage organs important for agriculture and human diet. We used a fruit-specific promoter to decrease NTRC expression by RNA interference in developing tomato fruits by 60% to 80% compared to the wild type. This led to a decrease in fruit growth, resulting in smaller and lighter fully ripe fruits containing less dry matter and more water. In immature fruits, NTRC downregulation decreased transient starch accumulation, which led to a subsequent decrease in soluble sugars in ripe fruits. The inhibition of starch synthesis was associated with a decrease in the redox-activation state of ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase, which catalyze the first committed and final polymerizing steps, respectively, of starch biosynthesis. This was accompanied by a decrease in the level of ADP-Glc. NTRC downregulation also led to a strong increase in the reductive states of NAD(H) and NADP(H) redox systems. Metabolite profiling of NTRC-RNA interference lines revealed increased organic and amino acid levels, but reduced sugar levels, implying that NTRC regulates the osmotic balance of developing fruits. These results indicate that NTRC acts as a central hub in regulating carbon metabolism and redox balance in heterotrophic tomato fruits, affecting fruit development as well as final fruit size and qualit

The global symmetry index, symmetry index, quality index and kinematics of the gait cycle with the synchronized contribution of the latest generation magneticinertial and electromyographic technology. Practical surveys and planning hypotheses for the revision of gesture.

The walk is certainly the cornerstone of human mobility. The literature has focused on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of walking and how certain parameters can change after an aerobic fatigue test. Our research proposal is based, in an innovative way in literature, on the analysis of specific parameters of the gait cycle, considered highly significant, such as the global symmetry index, the symmetry index, the quality index of the gait cycle, pelvic kinematics and muscle activation and the differences in these parameters before and after an aerobic fatigue test (resistance of the gesture over time). A total of 27 male athletes, aged (9-11) participated to the study, in which state-of-the-art equipment was used in the field of movement sciences that includes a device that integrates triaxial inertial sensors and a set of synchronized wireless probes, part of fourth generation instruments, still the most advanced on the market, for wireless surface electromyographic analysis. Thanks to these devices it was possible to carry out an evaluation of the subjects directly, with the live acquisition of data during the entire execution of the test protocol, allowing to evaluate the aforementioned parameters, which are considered strategic in pre-adolescent age, both for a more accurate basic construction of the element sure to offer a better planning of work sessions or training sessions at the time and in the future, also in consideration of periods immediately following high workloads, where fatigue affects the precision of gestures in the young athlete with various consequences, including significant ones, which is not always taken into consideration

Dynamic inertial analysis of the technical boxing gesture of Jab

The purpose of this study is to analyze the inertial dynamics of the Jab technical gesture in boxing. The target is to test and establish with the precision of the latest generation inertial technology the real physical parameters of the mechanical components of the technical gesture subjected to analysis to use, in the event of an expected congruence, the parameters obtained as key elements in the project of sports training investigated for performative purposes, given that the literature on this subject is scarce and sometimes with data obtained using non-state-of-the-art equipment and therefore not reliable. Five boxers (n = 5) took part in this research, considered sufficient for an exploratory study, respectively two female (n = 2), (18.5 ± 6.4 years, weight 63.7 ± 0.4 kg, height 169 ± 1.4 cm; arm length 69.5 ± 2.1 cm) and three male (n = 3), (23.0 ± 3.5 years, weight 80.0 ± 7.0 kg, height 184.3 ± 7.1 cm; arm length 79.7 ± 2.5 cm). These athletes were from different levels of experience, also to obtain specific threshold data in the various stadiums, however, all participating in national level competitions (elitè level). From the dataset, it’s possible to appreciate a different average acceleration value in the Jab execution phase between 8.65 m/s² (woman) and 13.85 m/s² (man) of the stroke, statistically significant (p <0.05), even in the small sample. The same situation is true for the torsion phase of the trunk between the best performing male boxer (boxer 1) and the best female boxer (boxer 5) respectively 0.733 vs 0.338 g² (p <0.05). This allows us to understand how gender and category differences are a key element in relation to the training planning of the discipline and that often turn out to be quite generic and that doesn’t take into account accurately and weighed the differences and what are the values to be respected in the specific training workload and also in the performance level of the exercises necessary to achieve those physiological conditions and techniques useful for performance improvement. The differences in this sample were also evident between individuals of the same gender and level

Comparative analysis between subjective and instrumental quality assessment through advanced technology: a pilot study on tennis serve

The purpose of this study in the first instance is to evaluate objectively, with data provided by latest-generation inertial sensors, the dynamic qualities of the technical-sporting gestures such as serve in tennis. Furthermore, the possible correlation between the aforementioned data and the evaluation monitoring of the specialized technical staff (Italian Tennis Federation qualified Coach) was assessed, in essence, a comparison between objective instrumental data and quality technical analysis. The study is not based on probative statistical numbers, five athletes, but the interest of the research is focused on establishing the validity, reliability and reproducibility of the information deriving from the acquisition with inertial instrumentation in the sport of tennis. The work seemed useful also by virtue of the fact that in the literature not many works have been produced on the subject at the moment, and in any case not with the latest technologies as in our case (K-Track, K-Sport Universal, Stats Perform, Montecchio PU, Italy). As mentioned, the research took into consideration the technical fundamental of the serve, an element that has taken on more and more importance in modern tennis in the achievement of the point and therefore in the result of the game. The serve is the stroke that marks the beginning of each point and that can influence the continuance of the same. Moreover, due to the speed of the surfaces of the fields and the game, the serve became in effect a substantial percentage of the final victory of the match. This is the basic motivation that led us to analyse this fundamental and its biomechanical composition, however, highlighting those elements that best qualify the gesture in a performative sense, trying to establish parameters that can be considered helpful for the technical staff and for the tennis player,in order to improve their performance. Keywords: IMU, tennis serve, comparative analysis, technical evaluation, professional evaluation, physical dat

Characterization of CYCLOPHILLIN38 shows that a photosynthesis-derived systemic signal controls lateral root emergence

Photosynthesis in leaves generates fixed-carbon resources and essential metabolites that support sink tissues, such as roots. Two of these metabolites, sucrose and auxin, promote growth in root systems, but the explicit connection between photosynthetic activity and control of root architecture has not been explored. Through a mutant screen to identify pathways regulating root system architecture, we identified a mutation in the Arabidopsis thaliana CYCLOPHILIN 38 (CYP38) gene, which causes accumulation of pre-emergent stage lateral roots. CYP38 was previously reported to stabilize photosystem II (PSII) in chloroplasts. CYP38 expression is enriched in shoots, and grafting experiments show that the gene acts non-cell-autonomously to promote lateral root emergence. Growth of wild-type plants under low-light conditions phenocopies the cyp38 lateral root emergence defect, as does the inhibition of PSII-dependent electron transport or Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) production. Importantly, these perturbations to photosynthetic activity rapidly suppress lateral root emergence, which is separate from their effects on shoot size. Supplementary exogenous sucrose largely rescued primary root (PR) growth in cyp38, but not lateral root growth. Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)) biosynthesis from tryptophan is dependent on reductant generated during photosynthesis. Consistently, we found that wild-type seedlings grown under low light and cyp38 mutants have highly diminished levels of IAA in root tissues. IAA treatment rescued the cyp38 lateral root defect, revealing that photosynthesis promotes lateral root emergence partly through IAA biosynthesis. These data directly confirm the importance of CYP38-dependent photosynthetic activity in supporting root growth, and define the specific contributions of two metabolites in refining root architecture under light-limited conditions.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad BIO2017-85195-C2-1-

Validation of the new technology sensor fusion K-50 based on data integration detected by GPS 50 Hz and inertial sensors

Advanced technology systems applied to sports are increasingly valid support for operators and technicians in the sector. Useful to improve the correct planning of training and therefore of the athlete as well as to the correct management of workloads developed during it and of the season. Studies carried out on the use of new dedicated technologies have shown how supportive they are for improving the performance and preparedness of the individual and the athlete in our case, mathematically developing real parameters for the sessions of the sport practiced (Barbero et a., 2010, Boyd et al., 2011, Brodie et al., 2016, Izzo et al., 2018). The attempt is to further reduce the error coefficient, of the same, the GPS in this case, the objective of this validation study is the validity and reliability of the advanced GPS device K-50 (K-Sport Universal, Ita). The test protocol was administered to 50 junior soccer students-players aged 17 ± 3 years by amateur sports clubs in Italy. The athletes were subjected to different types of stresses considered in the literature, significant in surveys with GPS (Izzo et al., 2018). The GPS device K-50 in our case is a tool, also equipped with inertial sensors (IMU) such as accelerometer, magnetometer, gyroscope, and it is the only one on the market that has the features to be able to use the technologies integrated into a calculation method integrated within the K-50 device, thanks to the use of a Sensor Fusion which allows more performing and sharper data quality. The results of the research protocol were compared using different methodologies for the calculation of some investigated parameters or using the GPS device with the Doppler effect, using the Sensor Fusion, and using the position calculation with different interpolations such as Lat-Lon 0.2 and Lat-Lon 0.05 (Latitude - longitude). In the end, the decidedly positive test results verify the validity of the device (GPS K-50). With the use of inertial systems enriched with the Sensor Fusion the error of the device in measuring the distances traveled is very close to zero with a standard deviation within the percentage limits

Evaluation of differences at high intensity threshold and its performance value during the most valuable soccer championships in Europe

The sports performance of footballers during games and training has been the subject of research for years. Nowadays thanks to the new technologies applied to the match analysis, is possible to highlightperformance using statistical-mathematical criteria. Recent studies support that not only the phase of the match spent at high speeds are determinants, but even each instant in which the acceleration and deceleration values cross above the high intensity thresholds.Our research seeks essentially to add, in the literature, a specific study, concerning quantity and quality of work expressed on these parameters, above the high intensity thresholds, in the various European elite championships.The search raises 26 players for each match (including substitutes), 260 athletes per championship, for a total of 1300 players (average age 28.4 years, height 1.79 meters, weight kg 78) and 9100 parameters data.The high intensity parameters evaluated are:Distance covered at high intensity (> 16 Km/h); Distance covered in Acceleration (> 2m/s²); Distance covered in Deceleration (< -2m/s²); Distance covered a MP> 20 Watt / Kg; Average AMP; D = Total Distance; Drel = distance/minute. Data shows that the comparison in French league is balanced, that is high intensity activity is equal for winning and losing teams, in German and Italian championship, winning teams work below the high intensity threshold compared with losers, in the English and Spanish league winning teams work upper the high intensity threshold respect to losers. This confirms that the efficiency of sport performance, in case of football the victory of competition or matches, is not directly dependent only on the ability to carry out high-intensity activities and also supports the lack of specific training aimed at promoting the development of such skills. A more specific investigation directed at the analysis of only winning teams and losing teams in all championships showed a no decisive difference in high intensity parameters. In the chart below, it is highlighted that the high intensity activity is greater in the parameters of D_AccHI and D_DecHI in the winning teams than the losers (5-6%)

Optimization of the sizing of a solar thermal electricity plant: mathematical programming versus genetic algorithms

Genetic algorithms (GAs) have been argued to constitute a flexible search thereby enabling to solve difficult problems which classical optimization methodologies may find hard to solve. This paper is intended towards this direction and show a systematic application of a GA and its modification to solve a real-world optimization problem of sizing a solar thermal electricity plant. Despite the existence of only three variables, this problem exhibits a number of other common difficulties-black-box nature of solution evaluation, massive multi-modality, wide and non-uniform range of variable values, and terribly rugged function landscape-which prohibits a classical optimization method to find even a single acceptable solution. Both GA implementations perform well and a local analysis is performed to demonstrate the optimality of obtained solutions. This study considers both classical and genetic optimization on a fairly complex yet typical real-world optimization problems and demonstrates the usefulness and future of GAs in applied optimization activities in practice

Raytracing optical analysis of a solar funnel cooker

Funnel type solar cookers rely on a multifaceted reflector to concentrate solar radiation on a cooking pot that is placed inside a transparent enclosure to create a greenhouse effect. This work aims to analyze the optical performance of this type of solar cooker using raytracing techniques. The open source Soltrace software tool is used to create an optical model of a solar funnel cooker. Numerous raytracing simulations are conducted in order to complete a parametric analysis of the optical performance against a set of influence variables, such as the elevation angle, sun tracking errors, optical quality of the different elements involved ( reflectors, greenhouse, cooking pot), etc.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech