"It shouldn’t smell like latin language at all". Pedro Simón Abril’s translation of Cicero’s "Letters to Friends" (1589)

En este artículo se examinan los principales recursos técnicos de los que se sirve el humanista Pedro Simón Abril en su traducción de las Epistulae ad familiares de Cicerón (1589), la primera versión completa de esta colección epistolar en España. A través del presente análisis se puede observar cómo estas técnicas de traducción no sólo son fruto de su habilidad y de su experiencia como traductor, sino que responden además a una labor previa de reflexión teórica y a una concepción de la traducción como un proceso esencialmente creativo. Esta necesidad de adaptarse al gusto literario del público lector explica algunas de las características de lengua y estilo de la versión de Simón Abril. Y será en estas cualidades artísticas en las que radique la clave de su éxito y su vigencia por espacio de más de cuatro siglos.The aim of this paper is to revisit the main techniques used by Pedro Simón Abril in his translation of Cicero’s Epistulae ad familiares (1589), the first version of this epistolary collection in Spain. By means of this analysis it can observed that these techniques of translation are the result not only of his skill and translating experience, but also that they respond to a prior work of theoretical reflection and an idea of translation as an essentially creative process. What is more, his adaptation to the literary taste of his readers explains certain peculiarities of the language and the style ofAbril’s translation.And precisely these artistic qualities are the key for the success and the survival of his translation along the last four centuries

Interaction Effects on the Magneto-optical Response of Magnetoplasmonic Dimers

The effect that dipole-dipole interactions have on the magneto-optical (MO) properties of magnetoplasmonic dimers is theoretically studied. The specific plasmonic versus magnetoplasmonic nature of the dimer's metallic components and their specific location within the dimer plays a crucial role on the determination of these properties. We find that it is possible to generate an induced MO activity in a purely plasmonic component, even larger than that of the MO one, therefore dominating the overall MO spectral dependence of the system. Adequate stacking of these components may allow obtaining, for specific spectral regions, larger MO activities in systems with reduced amount of MO metal and therefore with lower optical losses. Theoretical results are contrasted and confirmed with experiments for selected structures

Quot philosophi, tot sanniones: las descripciones de filósofos en la sátira latina

El artículo trata la descripción de los filósofos y pseudofilósofos en la sátira latina. A una breve introducción donde se recalca cómo el ataque personal era un elemento clave en este género, sigue un examen de las descripciones insertas en lo que convencionalmente se conoce como sátira regular, pese a que Varrón también aparece incluido con la intención de completar el panorama. El análisis diacrónico de las descripciones invita a pensar que se trata de un tópico especialmente activo en la poesía satírica y que tiende a incrementarse con el paso del tiempo, proporcionando siempre una imagen negativa de los falsos sabios. Si juzgar la finalidad de este recurso de forma global es complicado, su presencia en los textos satíricos sugiere entenderlo como un mecanismo para criticar la moral en la mayor parte de las ocasiones

Salmonella infection in nursery piglets and its role in the spread of salmonellosis to further production periods

Few studies have focused on assessing Salmonella infection in the nursery and its role in further pig production periods. Mesenteric lymph nodes, intestinal content, and meat juice from 389 6-week-old male piglets intended for human consumption from five breeding farms and 191 pooled floor fecal samples from gilt development units (GDU) from the same farms were analyzed to estimate and characterize (by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial resistance analyses) Salmonella infection. The prevalence of infection and shedding among piglets was 36.5% and 37.3%, respectively, shedding being significantly associated with infection (Odds Ratio = 12.7; CI 7.3–22.0). Salmonella Rissen; S. 4, [5], 12:i:-; and S. Derby were the most common serotypes. A low level of Salmonella-specific maternal antibodies at the beginning of the nursery period suggested it was a period of high risk of infection. Resistance to 3rd-and 4th-generation cephalosporins was detected in piglet isolates although the piglets never received antibiotics, indicating they could be vectors of antimicrobial resistance. The same Salmonella clones were detected in piglet and GDU isolates, suggesting that infected piglets play a significant role in the infection of gilts and consequently of finishing pigs in the case of production farms. The control of Salmonella infection in nursery piglets may decrease the risk of abattoir and carcass contamination

Order and phase nucleation in nonequilibrium nanocomposite Fe-Pt thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

We report on the time evolution of mass transport upon annealing nonequilibrium Fe-Pt nanocomposite films, leading to nucleation of L1(0) chemically ordered phase. The nonequilibrium nanocomposite films were fabricated by applying Fe(+) ion implantation to epitaxial Pt films grown on (001) MgO substrates, yielding Fe nanoclusters embedded in a Pt matrix at a tailored penetration depth. Time-resolved x-ray diffraction studies were carried out using synchrotron radiation, allowing determination of the activation energy for nucleation of the FePt L1(0) phase within the segregated nanoclusters during annealing. The growth of the segregated L1(0) ordered phase was modeled using ideal grain-size law and found to be dominated by strain-driven surface nucleation. The activation energies were found to correlate with the nanocluster size. Magnetic characterization of selected annealed samples indicates perpendicular magnetic anisotropy with high coercive field coincident with high value of the chemical order parameter of the ordered phase within the magnetic nanoclusters

The role of ß-adrenergic stimulation in QT interval adaptation to heart rate during stress test

The adaptation lag of the QT interval after heart rate (HR) has been proposed as an arrhythmic risk marker. Most studies have quantified the QT adaptation lag in response to abrupt, step-like changes in HR induced by atrial pacing, in response to tilt test or during ambulatory recordings. Recent studies have introduced novel methods to quantify the QT adaptation lag to gradual, ramp-like HR changes in stress tests by evaluating the differences between the measured QT series and an estimated, memoryless QT series obtained from the instantaneous HR. These studies have observed the QT adaptation lag to progressively reduce when approaching the stress peak, with the underlying mechanisms being still unclear. This study analyzes the contribution of β-adrenergic stimulation to QT interval rate adaptation in response to gradual, ramp-like HR changes. We first quantify the QT adaptation lag in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) patients undergoing stress test. To uncover the involved mechanisms, we use biophysically detailed computational models coupling descriptions of human ventricular electrophysiology and β-adrenergic signaling, from which we simulate ventricular action potentials and ECG signals. We characterize the adaptation of the simulated QT interval in response to the HR time series measured from each of the analyzed CAD patients. We show that, when the simulated ventricular tissue is subjected to a time-varying β-adrenergic stimulation pattern, with higher stimulation levels close to the stress peak, the simulated QT interval presents adaptation lags during exercise that are more similar to those measured from the patients than when subjected to constant β-adrenergic stimulation. During stress test recovery, constant and time-varying β-adrenergic stimulation patterns render similar adaptation lags, which are generally shorter than during exercise, in agreement with results from the patients. In conclusion, our findings support the role of time-varying β-adrenergic stimulation in contributing to QT interval adaptation to gradually increasing HR changes as those seen during the exercise phase of a stress test

Capping layer effects in the structure and composition of Co nanoparticle ultrathin films

In this work, we present the correlation of the magnetic and structural properties of Co nanoparticles deposited by sputtering on Si3N4 substrates at different temperatures, and covered with different capping layers, two insulators, AlN and MgO, and a metal, Pt. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy shows the formation of CoPt3 and Co2N, for the Pt and AlN capping layers, respectively, giving to a significant change of the magnetic behavior. When using a cap of MgO, energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy shows an oxidized shell covering the Co nanoparticles with thickness decreasing as the deposition temperature increases, explaining the changes in the magnetic response induced by the MgO capping layer.This work has been funded by the Spanish Project No.MAT2002-04484-C03-02. Y.H. acknowledges the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC and Ramón y Cajal Program for financial support.Peer reviewe

Influencia biomecánica de la artroplastia total de rodilla en el apoyo metatarsal

Las articulaciones de la extremidad inferior forman una cadena cinemática y tanto desde el punto de vista normal como patológico se influyen mutuamente. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es analizar las características del apoyo plantar en 100 pacientes subsidiarios de prótesis total de rodilla que presentan trastornos en la alineación del miembro antes y después de la corrección del eje de la extremidad que supone la cirugía. Además se compara el patrón de apoyo metatarsal con sujetos sanos de características antropométricas similares (grupo control).El genu varo preoperatorio se relaciona con un hiperapoyo de la paleta externa y un hipoapoyo de las paletas central e interna del antepié. En cambio el valgo fisiológico conseguido en el postoperatorio se corresponde con un patrón de apoyo metatarsal al año y a los dos años similar al del grupo control con pequeñas variaciones.Peer Reviewe

Optimizing the planar structure of (1 1 1) Au/Co/Au trilayers

Au/Co/Au trilayers are interesting for a range of applications which exploit their unusual optical and electronic transport behaviour in a magnetic field. Here we present a comprehensive structural and morphological study of a series of trilayers with 0–7 nm Co layer thickness fabricated on glass by ultrahigh vacuum vapour deposition. We use a combination of in situ electron diffraction, atomic force microscopy and x-ray scattering to determine the optimum deposition conditions for highly textured, flat and continuous layered structures. The 16 nm Au-on-glass buffer layer, deposited at ambient temperature, is found to develop a smooth (1 1 1) texture on annealing at 350 °C for 10 min. Subsequent growth of the Co layer at 150 °C produces a (1 1 1) textured film with lateral grain size of ∼150 nm in the 7 nm-thick Co layer. A simultaneous in-plane and out-of-plane Co lattice expansion is observed for the thinnest Co layers, converging to bulk values for the thickest films. The roughness of the Co layer is similar to that of the Au buffer layer, indicative of conformal growth. The 6 nm Au capping layer smoothens the trilayer surface, resulting in a surface roughness independent of the Co layer thickness.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/58140/2/d7_9_003.pd