Il sistema grade

Il Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation Working Group (GRADE Working Group) ha sviluppato un sistema per graduare la qualit\ue0 delle prove di efficacia. Il GRADE \ue8 stato adottato da pi\uf9 di 20 organizzazioni, compresa l\u2019Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanit\ue0. La qualit\ue0 di una prova prevede che vengano presi in esame i problemi metodologici dello studio (qualit\ue0 metodologica), l\u2019orientamento dei risultati, l\u2019eterogeneit\ue0, la precisione della stima dell\u2019effetto, e il rischio di bias di pubblicazione, per ogni singolo esito valutato. Il sistema GRADE assegna 4 livelli di qualit\ue0: le sperimentazioni cliniche, che sono in cima alla piramide delle prove di efficacia, possono essere declassate se hanno problemi metodologici. Viene presentata una breve rassegna del sistema GRADE

A novel non-peptidic agonist of the ghrelin receptor with orexigenic activity in vivo

Loss of appetite in the medically ill and ageing populations is a major health problem and a significant symptom in cachexia syndromes, which is the loss of muscle and fat mass. Ghrelin is a gut-derived hormone which can stimulate appetite. Herein we describe a novel, simple, non-peptidic, 2-pyridone which acts as a selective agonist for the ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a). The small 2-pyridone demonstrated clear agonistic activity in both transfected human cells and mouse hypothalamic cells with endogenous GHS-R1a receptor expression. In vivo tests with the hit compound showed significant increased food intake following peripheral administration, which highlights the potent orexigenic effect of this novel GHS-R1a receptor ligand

The state of interprofessional collaboration in Northern Italy: a mixed methods study.

Abstract Health care systems are facing continual reorganizations in response to scientific and technological innovations as well as financial constraints. Simultaneously the rising prevalence of chronic diseases call for a kind of health care organization in which interprofessional collaboration (IPC) functions on a high level. This article describes a research project that aims to generate an empirical account of the current state of IPC in the South Tyrolean Health Trust, located in a bilingual region in northern Italy. The study will employ a sequential mixed methods' design. A survey will be followed by individual and focus group interviews. An innovative aspect of the study is that it will include participants from six different health professions (dieticians, nurses, occupational therapists, physicians, physiotherapists, and speech therapists). Qualitative data analysis will draw on the negotiated order/structural ordering approach and on the social world/arena perspective. The results are expected to generate specific recommendations to improve IPC in the South Tyrolean Health Trust and inform further research

Complete genome sequence of Burkholderia phenoliruptrix BR3459a (CLA1), a heat-tolerant, nitrogen-fixing symbiont of mimosa flocculosa.

The genus Burkholderia represents a challenge to the fields of taxonomy and phylogeny and, especially, to the understanding of the contrasting roles as either opportunistic pathogens or bacteria with biotechnological potential. Few genomes of nonpathogenic strains, especially of diazotrophic symbiotic bacteria, have been sequenced to improve understanding of the genus. Here, we contribute with the complete genome sequence of Burkholderia phenoliruptrix strain BR3459a (CLA1), an effective diazotrophic symbiont of the leguminous tree Mimosa flocculosa Burkart, which is endemic to South America

Efeito alelopático do extrato bruto de Brachiaria decumbens na germinação e no vigor de sementes e de plântulas de Brachiaria brizantha.

Objetivou-se identificar os possíveis efeitos alelopáticos produzidos pelo extrato bruto de um acesso da coleção de Brachiaria spp da Embrapa Gado de Corte, denominado Brachiaria decumbens BRA001996 na germinação, no vigor de sementes e no vigor de plântulas de três cultivares de B. brizantha (cvs. Marandu, BRS Piatã e Xaraés). As sementes das cultivares foram semeadas em papel germitest, colocadas em gerbox e incubadas em câmara climática com fotoperíodo controlado. Utilizaram-se quatro repetições de 100 sementes para os testes de germinação e vigor e 25 sementes para o teste de vigor de plântulas. O extrato bruto foi obtido das folhas da gramínea, por meio de técnica laboratorial utilizada para detecção e quantificação de avaliação de saponinas esteroidais. Foram avaliadas duas testemunhas: uma somente com água destilada e outra com água destilada e acrescida de 1% de DMSO e quatro concentrações: 1,85g/mL (10%); 3,7g/mL (20%); 5,55g/mL (30%) e 9,25 mg/mL (50%), totalizando seis tratamentos. Observou-se efeito ?dose-resposta? inibitório significativo (P<0,05) em todos as variáveis avaliadas, nas sementes das três cultivares estudadas. Sabendo-se que os compostos hormonais agem estimulando ou inibindo o metabolismo celular, sugere-se que os efeitos alelopáticos observados no presente trabalho possam estar relacionados ao efeito direto das saponinas esteroidais nas células das sementes e das plântulas das B. brizantha avaliadas. Conclui-se que o extrato bruto de Brachiaria decumbens BRA001996 reduz o vigor e a germinação das sementes, bem como o vigor das plântulas de Brachiaria brizantha, cultivares Xaraés, Piatã e Marandu.bitstream/item/68749/1/DOC188.pd

Anti-inflammatory effect of glucose—mannose binding lectins isolated from Brazilian beans

Selectins are essential for leukocyte recruitment in inflammation. Because of a lectin domain present in the selectin structure, we investigated the anti-inflammtory activity of six mannose–glucose binding lectins from brazilian beans: Dioclea guianensis-DguiL; D. grandiflora-DgL; Cratylia floribunda-CfL; D. violacea-D.vL; D. virgata-DvirL and Canavalia brasiliensis-ConBr. The lectins were injected intravenously (i.v.) into rats (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg; 30 min before irritants) and its activities compared to E. coli endotoxin (LPS,30 μg/kg i.v.). Three lectins (DvL, CfL and DguiL), although less intense than LPS, inhibited the neutrophil migration induced by carrageenan (Cg, 300 μg) in a dose-dependent manner (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg). DvL activity was reversed by 0.1 M α-D-methyl-mannoside (α-CH3), but not by 0.1 M α-D-galactose. The fMLP (44 ng)-induced neutrophil migration was also reduced by these lectins. Endotoxin contamination of lectin samples could be excluded since α-CH3 treatment reversed the DvL effect, but did not modify LPS inhibitory activity. Carrageenan (300 μg)-induced paw oedema was also reduced by LPS or lectin treatments. Conversely, none of the tested lectins inhibited dextran (Dex, 300 μg)-induced paw oedema, a classical leukocyte independent model, or zymosan (Zy, 1.0 mg)-induced peritonitis and paw oedema. LPS showed no effect upon Dex-induced paw oedema and barely reduced (25%) the oedematogenic effects of zymosan. As proposed for LPS, the lectin inhibitory activity was better observed on neutrophil-mediated inflammatory reactions. We speculate that the plant lectin antiinflammatory activity is probably due to a competitive blockage of a common leukocyte and/or endothelial selectin carbohydrate ligand

Evaluación de acolchados para el control de la flora arvense en un cultivo de tomate

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Morphology, ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry of Hypnea cervicornis and Hypnea musciformis-(Hypneaceae, Rhodophyta) from the coastal waters of Ceará, Brazil

AbstractBased on their morphological and physiological features, red algae comprise a complex and variable group of multiple genera, including Hypnea. In particular, the genus Hypnea J.V. Lamouroux (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta) consists of approximately 54 species, including Hypnea cervicornis and H. musciformis. Lectins were described for both species; however, the localization of these proteins is still unclear. Therefore, this work aimed to characterize the morphology and ultrastructure of Hypnea cervicornis and H. musciformis, as well as localize their lectins at the subcellular level. Samples were collected at Praia do Pacheco (Fortaleza-CE) and processed for light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, in addition to immunocytochemistry. The studied species presented cortical cell layers, subcortical cells and medullary cells. Based on ultrastructural analysis, these species presented vacuolated cortical cells, with a dense cytoplasm containing chloroplasts. The cell wall consisted of concentric microfibrils embedded in an amorphous matrix. Immunochemistry analysis showed the expression of lectins in the cytoplasm and cell walls. While the structure of the studied algae was similar to the description of other species of the genera under different conditions, this is the first record of algae lectin localization

Evaluación de acolchados para el control de la flora arvense en un cultivo de tomate: dos años de resultados

En el presente proyecto se estudian alternativas al uso de acolchado plástico con polietileno, el cual es un residuo de difícil gestión tanto en producción hortícola ecológica como en convencional. Durante los años 2006 y 2007 se han llevado a cabo diez ensayos de campo en tomate de industria regado por goteo en cinco distintos lugares de España. Se han ensayado diferentes materiales biodegradables: dos plásticos biodegradables (Mater-Bi y Biofilm), un plástico oxobiodegradable (Enviroplast), dos papeles (papel negro Mimcord y marrón Saikraft), un acolchado de paja de cebada y dos testigos (sin desherbar y con control manual de las malas hierbas). Todas las películas fueron colocadas con máquina acolchadora, y los papeles requirieron un ajuste especial para evitar roturas. En todas las localidades y en ambos años el control de la flora arvense fue bueno o muy bueno para todos los acolchados, menos para la paja. Respecto al rendimiento de tomate, éste fue muy similar para todos los acolchados en ambos años, aunque ligeramente inferior que para el polietileno. En algunas localidades fue difícil mantener la paja en el suelo debido a su dispersión con el viento, mientras que en otras se mantuvo durante todo el ciclo. A pesar del peor control de la flora arvense, la paja dio buenos rendimientos en algunas localidades. El plástico oxobiodegradable mostró un comportamiento muy irregular entre localidades en cuanto a su degradación y cabe destacar la ausencia de degradación de la parte enterrada en todos los casos. Los plásticos biodegradables se degradaron de forma correcta cuando el cultivo ya cubría parte del suelo. El papel Mimcord fue más elástico permitiendo una más fácil colocación en el suelo pero es sensiblemente más caro que el marrón. En 2007 el rendimiento fue ligeramente menor para el papel marrón en 2007, posiblemente debido a que se trató de un año más frío. Los diferentes materiales biodegradables y el papel negro han sido los tratamientos más productivos y que mejor han controlado la flora arvense. Se concluye que existen alternativas técnicamente viables para sustituir el acolchado con polietileno en el cultivo de tomate de industria. No obstante, el elevado coste de la mayoría de estos materiales es el principal factor limitante para su adopción.Publishe