Revisión de los programas y políticas de reactivación económica durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en México

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar los efectos económicos derivados de la irrupción de cadenas de producción en el subsector manufacturero de México, a partir de la crisis generada por el COVID-19. Es un trabajo que consistió en la selección, recopilación y análisis de información documental de materiales bibliográficos nacionales e internacionales que abordan la importancia y la participación de la manufactura en la economía nacional. Los objetivos específicos fueron los si guientes: describir la importancia económica de la manufactura en México; analizar la situación actual de la manufactura en México a partir de la crisis generada por el COVID-19; identificar los retos y las oportunidades que deben considerar las cade nas de suministro manufactureras en México en la nueva normalida

Survival of newly formed particles in haze conditions

Intense new particle formation events are regularly observed under highly polluted conditions, despite the high loss rates of nucleated clusters. Higher than expected cluster survival probability implies either ineffective scavenging by pre-existing particles or missing growth mechanisms. Here we present experiments performed in the CLOUD chamber at CERN showing particle formation from a mixture of anthropogenic vapours, under condensation sinks typical of haze conditions, up to 0.1 s(-1). We find that new particle formation rates substantially decrease at higher concentrations of pre-existing particles, demonstrating experimentally for the first time that molecular clusters are efficiently scavenged by larger sized particles. Additionally, we demonstrate that in the presence of supersaturated gas-phase nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3), freshly nucleated particles can grow extremely rapidly, maintaining a high particle number concentration, even in the presence of a high condensation sink. Such high growth rates may explain the high survival probability of freshly formed particles under haze conditions. We identify under what typical urban conditions HNO3 and NH3 can be expected to contribute to particle survival during haze.Peer reviewe

Survival of newly formed particles in haze conditions

Intense new particle formation events are regularly observed under highly polluted conditions, despite the high loss rates of nucleated clusters. Higher than expected cluster survival probability implies either ineffective scavenging by pre-existing particles or missing growth mechanisms. Here we present experiments performed in the CLOUD chamber at CERN showing particle formation from a mixture of anthropogenic vapours, under condensation sinks typical of haze conditions, up to 0.1 s(-1). We find that new particle formation rates substantially decrease at higher concentrations of pre-existing particles, demonstrating experimentally for the first time that molecular clusters are efficiently scavenged by larger sized particles. Additionally, we demonstrate that in the presence of supersaturated gas-phase nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3), freshly nucleated particles can grow extremely rapidly, maintaining a high particle number concentration, even in the presence of a high condensation sink. Such high growth rates may explain the high survival probability of freshly formed particles under haze conditions. We identify under what typical urban conditions HNO3 and NH3 can be expected to contribute to particle survival during haze.Peer reviewe

The gas-phase formation mechanism of iodic acid as an atmospheric aerosol source

Iodine is a reactive trace element in atmospheric chemistry that destroys ozone and nucleates particles. Iodine emissions have tripled since 1950 and are projected to keep increasing with rising O-3 surface concentrations. Although iodic acid (HIO3) is widespread and forms particles more efficiently than sulfuric acid, its gas-phase formation mechanism remains unresolved. Here, in CLOUD atmospheric simulation chamber experiments that generate iodine radicals at atmospherically relevant rates, we show that iodooxy hypoiodite, IOIO, is efficiently converted into HIO3 via reactions (R1) IOIO + O-3 -> IOIO4 and (R2) IOIO4 + H2O -> HIO3 + HOI + O-(1)(2). The laboratory-derived reaction rate coefficients are corroborated by theory and shown to explain field observations of daytime HIO3 in the remote lower free troposphere. The mechanism provides a missing link between iodine sources and particle formation. Because particulate iodate is readily reduced, recycling iodine back into the gas phase, our results suggest a catalytic role of iodine in aerosol formation.Peer reviewe

Enhanced growth rate of atmospheric particles from sulfuric acid

In the present-day atmosphere, sulfuric acid is the most important vapour for aerosol particle formation and initial growth. However, the growth rates of nanoparticles (<10 nm) from sulfuric acid remain poorly measured. Therefore, the effect of stabilizing bases, the contribution of ions and the impact of attractive forces on molecular collisions are under debate. Here, we present precise growth rate measurements of uncharged sulfuric acid particles from 1.8 to 10 nm, performed under atmospheric conditions in the CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) CLOUD chamber. Our results show that the evaporation of sulfuric acid particles above 2 nm is negligible, and growth proceeds kinetically even at low ammonia concentrations. The experimental growth rates exceed the hard-sphere kinetic limit for the condensation of sulfuric acid. We demonstrate that this results from van derWaals forces between the vapour molecules and particles and disentangle it from charge-dipole interactions. The magnitude of the enhancement depends on the assumed particle hydration and collision kinetics but is increasingly important at smaller sizes, resulting in a steep rise in the observed growth rates with decreasing size. Including the experimental results in a global model, we find that the enhanced growth rate of sulfuric acid particles increases the predicted particle number concentrations in the upper free troposphere by more than 50 %.Peer reviewe

Retos y oportunidades de la industria del acero en México con la entrada del TMEC

Durante las últimas décadas, las relaciones comerciales entre países han contribuido al desarrollo y crecimiento de diversas industrias, así como al desarrollo económico de las naciones, uno de los mecanismos por los cuales se formaliza dicha relación son los tratados de libre comercio. Además de representar una herramienta comercial también son parte del proceso de regionalización de los países firmantes. Actualmente México tiene firmados 12 tratados de Libre Comercio con 46 países, 32 Acuerdos para la promoción y protección recíproca de las inversiones con 33 países, 9 Acuerdos de Alcance Limitado en el marco de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración (ALADI) y es miembro del Tratado de Asociación Transpacífico4. Entre los tratados de libre comercio se encuentra el recientemente firmado T-MEC, antes TLCAN, donde se ratifica la relación de Estados Unidos, Canadá y México, una de las regiones comerciales más importantes y dinámicas del mundo. Es durante la renegociación de este que se ha requerido una diversidad de actividades estratégicas, diálogos gubernamentales y negociaciones empresariales, lo cual refleja ampliamente el trabajo conjunto entre actores económicos, incluidos gobierno, sector privado y sociedad. La industria metálica básica mexicana ha logrado ser un eje prioritario dentro de las renegociaciones del T-MEC, su actitud de dialogo abierto, proactividad y colaboración ha permitido superar diversos retos de este nuevo tratado comercial. Resulta entonces pertinente presentar el siguiente análisis de la industria del acero en México, con base en una visión de desarrollo económico. La presente investigación parte del estudio de un caso que observa a la cooperación entre actores de la industria metálica básica y presenta de manera general la estructura actual de la misma, dando un panorama que describa la composición de este sector, identifica a tres grandes zonas de concentración de la industria del acero en México, una en el norte del país, otra que conforma un corredor en el centro que conecta al pacifico con el golfo y la última como una área estratégica que comprende al estado de Michoacán. Desde la perspectiva de la Nueva Teoría de Comercio Internacional (NTCI), se resaltan dos elementos, el primero es el comercio intraindustrial que existe en mucho en más medida que el interindustrial, se retoma por que con este tipo comercio se establecen las relaciones económicas, comerciales y sociales que propician el proceso de regionalización, y el segundo como este mismo se configura como una herramienta fundamental para el desarrollo de la industria metálica básica. El trabajo inicia con un recuento histórico de la industria del acero y su nacimiento en México, así como su importancia en pasajes históricos claves del país, después se presenta una radiografía actual de la distribución de la cadena de valor de dicha industria todo ello para poder sopesar la relevancia de esta, por último, se enumeran y describen brevemente a los actores centrales que la conforman, finalmente se presentan algunas conclusiones derivadas de la investigación

Mixed-Methods Study of Disability Self-Management in Mexican Americans With Osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: Health disparities in osteoarthritis (OA) outcomes exist both in the occurrence and treatment of functional limitation and disability for Mexican Americans. Although the effect of self-management of chronic illness is well established, studies demonstrate little attention to self-management of function or disability, despite the strong potential effect on both and, consequently, on patients' lives. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study pilot was to develop and test key variable relationships for a measure of disability self-management among Mexican Americans. METHODS: In this sequential, two-phased, mixed-methods, biobehavioral pilot study of Mexican American women and men with OA, a culturally tailored measure of disability self-management was created, and initial relationships among key variables were explored. RESULTS: First, a qualitative study of 19 adults of Mexican American descent born in Texas (United States) or Mexico was conducted. The Mexican American Disability Self-Management Scale was created using a descriptive content analysis of interview data. The scale was tested and refined, resulting in 18 items and a descriptive frequency of therapeutic management efforts. Second, correlations between study variables were estimated: Disability and function were negatively correlated. Disability correlated positively with social support and activity effort. Disability correlated negatively with disability self-management, pain, and C-reactive protein. Function was positively correlated with age, pain, and depression. Liver enzymes (alanine transaminase) correlated positively with pain and anxiety. DISCUSSION: This mixed-methods study indicates directions for further testing and interventions for disability outcomes among Mexican Americans

Correlation between stress, cortisol levels and coping strategies in cancer patients undergoing treatment

Introducción: El cáncer es una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), en 2012 14 millones de casos nuevos y 8,2 millones de muertes.Se demostró que los pacientes en tratamiento, cirugía, quimioterapia y radioterapia tienen niveles altos de cortisol que influye en su calidad de vida. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre el estrés, a nivel de cortisol y las estrategias de afrontamiento en pacientes con cáncer sometidos a tratamiento. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo y correlacional realizado junio a diciembre del 2019. Resultados epidemiológicos: 68.2% mujeres 31.8 % hombres, entre 17 y 76 años, con diagnósticos de: Ca mama (30.3%), de próstata (18.3), colon (15.2), pulmón (13.6), cervical (12.1% gástrico (9.1%) cáncer de piel (1.5%). Estadísticos: El 35,3% informaron cortisol a niveles normales y 64.5% niveles altos; el estrés obtuvo un promedio de 13.9 (DE = 4.64). Sobre el nivel de cortisol y el tipo de tratamiento, se observaron diferencias significativas (X2 = 1,546, p = .04), es decir, el paciente que tienen un tratamiento mixto el cortisol es más alto.Conclusiones: Es importante reevaluar las estrategias centradas en el problema, analizar implicaciones y proponer estudios en el contexto en que se desenvuelven, en futuro desarrollar una Enfermería GlobalNº 60 Octubre 2020Página 197intervención incluyendo actividades de enfermería en la quimioterapia y radioterapia, apoyando estrategias de afrontamiento efectivas. En este sentido y derivado de la minimización de amenazas centradas en el problema, es importante tener un enfoque integral más profundo.Introduction: Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2012 14 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths. (WHO, 2019). Patients in treatment, surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy have been shown to have high levels of cortisol that influence their quality of life. Objective: to identify the relationship between stress, cortisol level and coping strategies in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Material and methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational study conducted June to December 2018. In 65 male and female patients under treatment. Results: 68.2% were women 31.8% men, between 17 and 76 years. With diagnoses Ca breast (30.3%), prostate cancer (18.3), colon (15.2), lung (13.6), cervical (12.1% gastric (9.1%) skin cancer (1.5%). Statistics: 35.3% reported cortisol at normal levels and 64.5% high levels; stress averaged 13.9 (DE s 4.64). On the level of cortisol and the type of treatment, significant differences were observed (X2 x 1,546, p .04), i.e. the patient who has a mixed treatment cortisol is higher. Conclusions: It is important to reevaluate the strategies focused on the problem, analyze implications and propose studies in the context in which they operate, in the future develop an intervention including nursing activities in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, supporting effective coping strategies. minimizing threats focused on the problem, it is important to have a deeper comprehensive approach