The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb29

Caractérisation de l'hybride de loups de mer, Anarhichas minor X A. Lupus : performances et fonctionnalité mitochondriale

Cette étude identifie et caractérise génétiquement les hybrides entre le loup tacheté et le loup Atlantique et examine l'impact de l'hybridation sur les performances et les fonctions mitochondriales des jeunes stades élevés aux températures optimales de croissance de chacune des deux espèces. Les conséquences évolutives et biologiques de l'hybridation du loup de mer sont un sujet qui est extrêmement d'actualité, autant dans un contexte d'optimisation et de diversification maricole, de conservation et de protection de ces espèces menacées que d'exploration des processus évolutifs. Lors d'hybridation interspécifique, l'interaction entre les produits des gènes mitochondriaux et nucléaires peut induire des limitations métaboliques à travers des dérèglements d'ordre catalytique ou régulatoire. Les aptitudes et les performances d' un organisme hybride dépendent grandement de ces interactions puisque, entre autres, la perturbation des fonctions mitochondriales peut résulter en une production accrue d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène. L'analyse des séquences des gènes mitochondriaux des deux espèces et la comparaison des résultats avec une étude similaire ont confirmé que l'hybride Anarhichas minor x A. lupus est en-dessous du seuil critique de divergence pour lequel la dépression hybride pour les capacités métaboliques et les performances est détectée. Les résultats démontrent sans équivoque la faisabilité de l'hybridation entre le loup tacheté et le loup Atlantique en captivité et renforcent indéniablement la probabilité de leur hybridation en milieu naturel. De plus, les différents marqueurs microsatellites testés se sont avérés une puissante méthode alternative à la différentiati on phénotypique pour déterminer le statut d'hybride chez le loup de mer. Cette étude est la première à documenter l'hybridation du loup de mer et fournit des indications de grandes valeurs pour de futures recherches

Characterization of the early-stages of the wolffish hybrid

This is the first report of early-life developmental characteristics (coloration pattern, growth and survival) and genetic identification of the wolffish interspecific hybrid between Anarhichas minor and A. lupus, both endangered species in Canadian coastal water and of interest for cold-water aquaculture diversification. A first growth trial at 8 °C featuring pure strains A. minor and the hybrid A. minor × A. lupus in triplicates was conducted in 2006 during the period from 0 to 140 days post-hatch. A second growth trial was runned in 2007 featuring A. minor, A. lupus and the reciprocal hybrids A. minor × A. lupus and A. lupus × A. minor. Egg development indicators and early-hatching characteristics are reported

B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures promote immunotherapy response

International audienceTreatment with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized cancer therapy. Until now, predictive biomarkers1-10 and strategies to augment clinical response have largely focused on the T cell compartment. However, other immune subsets may also contribute to anti-tumour immunity11-15, although these have been less well-studied in ICB treatment16. A previously conducted neoadjuvant ICB trial in patients with melanoma showed via targeted expression profiling17 that B cell signatures were enriched in the tumours of patients who respond to treatment versus non-responding patients. To build on this, here we performed bulk RNA sequencing and found that B cell markers were the most differentially expressed genes in the tumours of responders versus non-responders. Our findings were corroborated using a computational method (MCP-counter18) to estimate the immune and stromal composition in this and two other ICB-treated cohorts (patients with melanoma and renal cell carcinoma). Histological evaluation highlighted the localization of B cells within tertiary lymphoid structures. We assessed the potential functional contributions of B cells via bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing, which demonstrate clonal expansion and unique functional states of B cells in responders. Mass cytometry showed that switched memory B cells were enriched in the tumours of responders. Together, these data provide insights into the potential role of B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures in the response to ICB treatment, with implications for the development of biomarkers and therapeutic targets