Equipment Development for Automatic Anthropometric Measurements

An automated procedure for measuring and recording the anthropometric active angles is presented. The small portable system consists of a microprocessor controlled video data acquisition system which measures single plane active angles using television video techniques and provides the measured data on sponsored-specified preformatted data sheets. This system, using only a single video camera, observes the end limits of the movement of a pair of separated lamps and calculates the vector angle between the extreme positions

Program Theory and Quality Matter: Changing the Course of Extension Program Evaluation

As internal evaluators for the 4-H program in two states, we simultaneously yet independently began to change the way we approached our evaluation practices, turning from evaluation capacity building (ECB) efforts that prepared educators to define and measure program outcomes to strategies that engage educators in defining and measuring program quality. In this article, we discuss our similar experiences, how these experiences are changing the ECB work we do, and how changing our evaluation approach ultimately will position 4-H for better evaluations in the future. This shift in evaluation focus has implications for other Extension program areas as well

Effect of lysolecithin on the oxygen uptake of tumour cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages in vitro.

LYSOLECITHN has been widely studied as a surface-active haemolytic agent (Robinson, 1961) and has been implicated in immune haemolysis (Fischer, 1964), in hypersensitivity reactions (Middleton and Phillips, 1963, 1964), and in the delayed stage of the increase of vascular permeability in inflammation (Cotran and Majno, 1964). Fischer (1964) found that the oxygen uptake (Q02) of tumour cells was reduced by small concentrations of "lysolecithin ", while micro and macrophages responded by an increase Of Q02 and phagocytic activity. We felt that this observation should be confirmed, because it could form the basis of a therapeutic method of increasing the radiosensitivity of tumours by raising the oxygen tension (PO2), and from the theoretical aspect might clarify differences between the cell membranes of tumour and of normal cells. Moreover, Fischer's experiments are open to criticism. His cell suspension was stirred by a moving mercury seal and this could have produced cell damage from mercury poisoning. Also he treated his cell suspensions not with lysolecithin, but with complement plus a specific antibod

Techniques for improving reliability of computers

Modular design techniques improve methods of error detection, diagnosis, and recovery. Theoretical computer (MARCS (Modular Architecture for Reliable Computer Systems)) study deals with postulated and modeled technology indigenous to 1975-1980. Study developments are discussed

From Then to Now: Emerging Directions for Youth Program Evaluation

Understanding the impact of youth development programs has been an important topic since the programs first began, and the past 25 years in particular have witnessed considerable advances in the evaluation of youth development programs. This article presents a brief history of youth development program evaluation, considering how it has changed over the years. From there, three contemporary trends related to youth program evaluation are examined: 1) a new evaluation focus, which is the emphasis on evaluating program quality; 2) organizational structures related to effective program evaluation, primarily in the area of program evaluability and evaluation capacity building; and 3) an emerging evaluation approach, involving youth in evaluating the programs that affect them. The article concludes with a call for programs to attend carefully to program implementation quality

An advanced numerical model of friction stir welding of DH36 steel

A numerical model of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of DH36 steel plate (6mm thickness) has been developed using a CFD technique. Two welding speed conditions were used, a low welding speed of 200 RPM - 100mm/min, and a high welding speed of 550RPM- 400 mm/min. The heat generation, material flow and strain rate were calculated based on plastic deformation and frictional contact between the tool and workpiece. A CFD-based model has been produced to represent the asymmetry in temperature distribution between the advancing and retreating side, the material flow and the strain rate. The geometry of the model includes the tool plunged into the plate. The cooling system was also included in the simulation by calculating the heat flux lost for each part of the tool. The heat generated by viscous dissipation away from the tool was also taken into account. The total heat generated was divided into the individual tool parts (shoulder, probe side and probe end) and was found to be in good agreement with the experimental results for the areas affected by these parts. The maximum temperature obtained for the slow welding speed was 1012oC and for the high welding speed was 1250oC. Experimental metallographic examination has also been carried out on DH36 FSW steel plates to validate the CFD model. SEM analysis showed the formation of a fine microstructure of bainite, acicular ferrite and ferrite/cementite aggregate in the welded zone as compared to the ferrite/pearlite morphology in the base metal. It is found from the CFD and experimental results that the high speed welding conditions can produce defects such as wormholes and cracks in the welds associated with the probe side and probe end due to the lack of material flow especially on the advancing side. Tensile and fatigue testing were carried out for both slow and high welding speed samples, which broke outside the welded region in the tensile test, however, slow welding speed samples show more resistance to fatigue test and survived 644128 cycles, the high speed welding samples failed after 111,736 cycles under the same load

Modelling of friction stir welding of 304 stainless steel

A 3-D Eulerian steady-state CFD model has been developed to simulate the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) of 6mm plate 304 stainless steel (304SS). The Polycrystalline BoroNitride- Tungsten Rhenium (PCBN-WRe) hybrid tool was modelled with the workpiece in a fully sticking condition. The viscosity of stainless steel was calculated from the flow stress equation taken from a previous study of hot working carried out in a range of temperatures between 800oC-1200 oC and strain rates 0.001 s-1 to 5 s-1. The model predicted the temperature distribution in the Stirred Zone (SZ) for three welding cases including low, intermediate and high rotational speed/traverse speeds. The model also predicts that localised melting may occur if the tool rotational speed exceeds 400RPM. Finally, the model suggested a larger probe (12mm diameter at the shoulder base and 5.8mm length) with a stationary shoulder would prevent the localised melting and allow an increase in welding speeds without the associated introduction of stagnant zone related weld defects

The relationship between types of childhood victimisation and young adulthood criminality

BackgroundPrevious research suggests that some types of childhood abuse and neglect are related to an increased likelihood of perpetrating criminal behaviour in adulthood. Little research, however, has examined associations between multiple different types of childhood victimisation and adult criminal behaviour.AimsWe sought to examine the contribution of multiple and diverse childhood victimisations on adult criminal behaviour. Our central hypothesis was that, after controlling for gender, substance use and psychopathy, each type of childhood victimisation â specifically experience of property offences, physical violence, verbal abuse, sexual abuse, neglect and witnessed violence â would be positively and independently related to criminal behaviour in young adults.MethodsWe examined data from a large, nationally representative sample of 2244 young Swedish adults who reported at least one form of victimisation, using hierarchical regression analysis to also account for gender, substance use and psychopathy.ResultsExperiences of physical assaults, neglect and witnessing violence as a child were significantly associated with adult criminal behaviour, but not experiences of property, verbal or sexual victimizations.ConclusionsOur findings help to identify those forms of harm to children that are most likely to be associated with later criminality. Even after accounting for gender, substance misuse and psychopathology, childhood experience of violence â directly or as a witness â carries risk for adulthood criminal behaviour, so such children need targeted support and treatment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138903/1/cbm2002.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138903/2/cbm2002_am.pd

An Examination of Youth Voice via Quasi-Experimental Methodology

The purpose of the study discussed was to determine if youth voice affects the ownership and engagement of youth in a county 4-H program. A youth-led approach was used with the treatment group to facilitate youth and adults sharing decision-making power. The comparison group utilized an adult-centered approach where decisions about the club programming were made strictly by the adults. A pre- and post-measurement design was used. Analysis of covariance was employed to determine if differences existed between youth participating in the treatment group and comparison groups and if differences existed between youth based on race. Findings indicated statistically significant differences between the treatment and comparison groups on all three constructs and statistically significant differences between Caucasian and non-Caucasian youth on the constructs of ownership and relationship with adults. It was concluded that, in programs incorporating voice, youth experience more ownership and engagement and have a more positive relationship with adults