Trocas intergeracionais e construção de fronteiras sociais na França

Na sociedade francesa contemporânea, as antigas desigualdades perduram e novas desigualdades se manifestam, particularmente com a desestabilização crescente das posições sociais e profissionais ocupadas. A noção de fronteira revela-se, assim, essencial: as fronteiras delimitam os contornos das categorias sociais, mas abrem também espaços de troca e de encontro. Buscando apreender os processos de construção e/ou de fragilização das fronteiras sociais, uma pesquisa qualitativa foi realizada junto a famílias (pais e jovens) de diferentes grupos sociais, com interesse pela construção simbólica e percepção das fronteiras entre as diferentes classes sociais, e também sua construção no interior das mesmas. As classes sociais continuam a constituir o fundamento de fronteiras "subjetivas". No entanto, o caráter fluido e complexo das experiências sociais exige dos atores mais trabalho de coerência e de adaptação.In contemporary French society, traditional inequalities persist while new ones have emerged, particularly as a result of the growing destabilization of social and professional positions. The notion of boundary therefore becomes essential: boundaries delimit social categories, but also open up spaces for encounters and exchanges. Seeking to comprehend the processes of constructing and/or weakening social boundaries, a qualitative research study was carried out with families (parents and young people) of different social groups, centred on the symbolic construction and perception of the boundaries between different social classes, and on their construction within these classes. Do social classes still constitute the bases for subjective boundaries? The article concludes that the fluid and complex nature of social experiences means the need for more work at connecting and adapting from the actors

O PRINCÍPIO DA PRECAUÇÃO NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DA ATIVIDADE EMPRESARIAL ALIADO A SUSTENTABILIDADE E A RESPONSABILIDADE CIVIL AMBIENTAL: PREMISSAS DOS NOVOS TEMPOS

RESUMO O presente estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para um discurso caro ao tempo atual: a urgência das questões ambientais e o desenvolvimento econômico, assim como as possíveis soluções para um problema de tamanha envergadura. Assim a partir das concepções de grandes pensadores do Direito e áreas correlatas, analisam-se os métodos preventivos e punitivos responsáveis pela tutela do direito fundamental ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Para tanto discorrer-se-á sobre: o principio da precaução, desenvolvimento sustentável, a responsabilidade civil por danos causados ao meio ambiente e do método que talvez, dentre os demais se destaca por sua maior chance de efetividade no médio e longo prazo, a educação ambiental, que indubitavelmente pode arraigar na cultura do homem moderno a plena consciência acerca da necessidade de preservação do meio ambiente.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Precaução; Meio Ambiente; Sustentabilidade; Responsabilidade Civil; Educação Ambiental. ABSTRACT The present study aims to contribute to a discourse that is expensive at the present time: the urgency of environmental issues and economic development, as well as possible solutions to such a problem. Thus from the conceptions of great thinkers of the Law and related areas, the preventive and punitive methods responsible for protecting the fundamental right to the ecologically balanced environment are analyzed. This will include: the precautionary principle, sustainable development, civil liability for damages caused to the environment and the method that, among others, stands out due to its greater chance of effectiveness in the medium and long term, environmental education, which can undoubtedly be rooted in the culture of modern man in full awareness of the need to preserve the environment. KEYWORDS: Caution; Environment; Sustainability; Civil Liability; Environmental Education

A SUPREMACIA DO INTERESSE PÚBLICO SOBRE O PARTICULAR SEGUNDO O ARTIGO 175 DA CONSTITUIÇÃO FEDERAL DE 1988 E A LEI 8.666/1993

RESUMO Pretende-se com o presente trabalho trazer à tona discussão versada na aludida prevalência do “princípio” da supremacia do interesse público sobre o privado em atenção ao disposto no artigo 175 da Constituição Federal de 1988 e a Lei 8.666/1993 e especialmente, a incoerência da sua sustentação. E neste particular, será defendida a inequívoca simbiose havida entre os agentes públicos e particulares na satisfação dos direitos fundamentais elencados na Carta Magna, dentre os quais, os princípios da dignidade da pessoa humana e da isonomia, que não mais permitem a manutenção desse entendimento. Pois, diante do novo cenário oriundo da constitucionalização do direito, revela-se indispensável a interação entre público e privado, ainda mais que este último ao prestar serviços públicos, além de suprir as lacunas deixadas pelo Poder Público, contribui para a efetivação de direitos fundamentais albergados no seio da Constituição Federal. Em tal momento, igualmente será trazida à discussão, a natureza principiológica da sustentada supremacia do interesse público. Finalmente, buscar-se-á apresentar uma proposta para a minimização desse entrave através do princípio da proporcionalidade, com vistas a orientar a administração pública no sopesamento dos valores em conflito, visando a prevalência daquele que se revelar mais relevante no caso concreto. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Constituição Federal; Direitos fundamentais; Supremacia do interesse público sobre o privado; Serviços públicos. ABSTRACTThe present paper intends to bring to the fore a well-known discussion on the aforementioned prevalence of the "principle" of the supremacy of the public interest over the private one, in accordance with the provisions of article 175 of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and Law 8.666 / 1993 and especially, the inconsistency of their support. And in this particular case, the unequivocal symbiosis between public and private agents will be defended in the fulfillment of the fundamental rights listed in the Constitution, including the principles of the dignity of the human person and isonomy, which no longer allow the maintenance of this understanding. In view of the new scenario arising from the constitutionalisation of the law, it is indispensable to interact between public and private, even more than the latter when providing public services, besides filling the gaps left by the Public Power, contributes to the realization of fundamental rights housed within the Federal Constitution. At such a time, the principiological nature of the sustained supremacy of the public interest will also be brought into the discussion. Finally, a proposal will be made to minimize this obstacle through the principle of proportionality, with a view to guiding the public administration in the balancing of conflicting values, aiming at the prevalence of the one that is more relevant in this case. KEYWORDS: Federal Constitution; Fundamental Rights; Supremacy of the public interest over the private; Public services

Intoxicação por antibióticos ionóforos e leucoencefalomalácia concomitantes pelo consumo de ração comercial contaminada em equinos

Background: Equidae nutritional change increased the frequency of diseases due to inappropriate administration and storage of rations. Although there are reports of ionophore poisoning (IP) and leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) in equidae from Brazil, the concurrent occurrence of both diseases by the same contaminated commercial ration is unprecedented. Therefore, the present paper aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratorial and pathological findings of concurrent IP and LEM outbreaks in horses.Cases: Eleven farmers from seven different locations in Distrito Federal, Midwestern Brazil, reported sudden clinical signs in 27 horses after the ingestion of commercial pelleted ration. During the farm visits, it was found that the ration brand and batches were identical, and macroscopic evaluation revealed no abnormalities. Eight horses were clinically evaluated and presented hyporexia, apathy, hypermetria, ataxia, dehydration, dyspnea, tongue hypotonia, muscle tremors, tachycardia, facial hypoalgesia, dysphagia, and sporadic or permanent recumbence. Laboratorial changes were restricted to creatine phosphokinase (mean: 1,573.4 ± 16.9 IU/L) and gammaglutamyl transferase (mean: 34.85 ± 29.14 IU/L) serum increases. Pathological evaluation has performed in eight horses presenting pallor and whitish striations in the gluteal, longissimus dorsi, femoral quadriceps muscles and myocardium, varying from mild to moderate. One horse also showed a soft and yellowish focal area on the right temporal lobe white matter. Microscopically, alterations in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues included striated muscle fibers and cardiomyocytes segmental necrosis, characterized by sarcoplasmic fragmentation with clusters of eosinophilic debris, cellular retraction and hypereosinophilia. Histological alterations in the central nervous system of one horse were characteristic of LEM. Ration samples analysis revealed the presence of salinomycin (2,384.91 ± 100.7 ppm), narasin (144.15 ± 7.75 ppm) and fumonisins (0.87 to 4.09 ppm). Eight hospitalized horses were submitted to clinical therapy (gastric lavage and application of activated charcoal; fluid-electrolyte imbalance correction, intravenous dimethylsulfoxide, tocopherol and selenium supplementation). Four (50%) horses had permanent sequelae (muscle weakness and mild ataxia), two (25%) recovered without sequelae, and two (25%) were euthanized due to inability to stand and poor prognosis. Considering the total number of affected horses, mortality rate reached 59.25% (16/27).Discussion: Usually ionophores are safely used in livestock and bird production at the recommended doses. However, horses are among the most susceptible species and do not tolerate any exposure to the substance. The outbreaks herein occurred due accidental ionophore contamination of commercial ration at the industry probably by manufacturing process technical failures. Similarly, fumonisins contamination may be caused by feedstock inadequate storage at the industry, or improper ration storage in the farms. The suspicion of two concurrent diseases (IP and LEM) in the horses of these outbreaks was confirmed through the association of epidemiology, clinical signs, pathological findings and measurement of ionophores and fumonisins in the commercial ration. We reiterate the difficulty in diagnosing associated clinical syndromes, especially when high-lethality diseases are involved

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Compétences acquises en France et fabrication des élites politiques du Brésil contemporain

L’objectif de cet article est d’observer, à travers la restitution de certains aspects de la trajectoire sociale, intellectuelle et politique de l’universitaire et sénateur Cristovam Buarque, comment l’acquisition d’une compétence spécifique dans le champ de l’économie lors de son séjour d’études en France ainsi que l’accumulation de ressources intellectuelles et interpersonnelles acquises au cours de cette expérience ont pu contribuer et devenir un facteur décisif pour son introduction ultérieure dans le haut cercle politique national. Le parcours de cet acteur est, dans sa spécificité, révélateur du poids que peut revêtir la mobilisation des capitaux intellectuels et culturels et, en ce sens, des titres et des réseaux de relations construits à l’étranger pour la fabrication d’un homme politique dans le Brésil contemporain.O objetivo desse artigo é observar, a partir da restituição de alguns aspectos da trajetória social, intelectual e política do professor e senador Cristovam Buarque, em que medida a aquisição de uma competência específica no campo da economia realizada na França e a acumulação de recursos intelectuais e interpessoais ao longo dessa experiência contribuíram e se tornaram fatores decisivos para garantir sua introdução no alto círculo político nacional. O percurso desse ator é, em sua especificidade, revelador do peso que a mobilização de capitais intelectuais e culturais e, nesse sentido, de títulos e de redes de relações contruídas no exterior, é capaz de exercer na fabricação de um político no Brasil contemporâneo.This article analyzes the social, intellectual and political career of the professor and senator Cristovam Buarque. It aims to demonstrate that acquiring a specific skill in the economic field and the accumulation of intellectual and interpersonal assets in France were decisive in driving him into high-flying national politics. This character’s path shows the weight of intellectual and cultural resources and, in this case, the importance of one’s titles and network built abroad, in the making of a politician in contemporary Brazil

Le Parti des Travailleurs à l’épreuve du pouvoir. Le PT dans le District Fédéral au Brésil (1980-2000)

The Workers Party (PT) has been frequently mentioned as a paradigmatic case, as an improbable model of entry into politics for actors socially illegitimate. The purpose empirically established by the PT in Federal District (FD), has made it possible to revisit this paradigm intriguing. Having restored the conditions for the party in the FD, with a socio-historical analysis and a study of social and politics properties of its members, this thesis focuses on the ambiguous relationship of the petistas with power. Put to the test by the experience of the government in the region, the PT-FD saw a non homogeneous movement of restructuring. Among the effects of the tangled process generated within its inner space, we observe a qualitative transformation of the partisan link. One of the challenges in this thesis has been the construction of an analysis trying to report on the space positions of the organization and its entrepreneurial characteristics, without forgetting its « social institution » dimension, that gives coherence to the activists. The attempt to link a structural approach of this political party –centered by a structuring network and the dispositions they generate– and a processual approach –emphasizing the context– has been an extra theoretical challenge

Compétences acquises en France et fabrication des élites politiques du Brésil contemporain

This article analyzes the social, intellectual and political career of the professor and senator Cristovam Buarque. It aims to demonstrate that acquiring a specific skill in the economic field and the accumulation of intellectual and interpersonal assets in France were decisive in driving him into high-flying national politics. This character’s path shows the weight of intellectual and cultural resources and, in this case, the importance of one’s titles and network built abroad, in the making of a politician in contemporary Brazil