Contribution of traffic and tobacco smoke in the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on outdoor and indoor PM2.5

Traffic emissions and tobacco smoke are considered two main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor and outdoor air. In this study, the impact of these sources on the level of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and on the distribution of 15 PAHs regarded as priority pollutants by the US-EPA on PM2.5 were evaluated and compared. Outdoor and indoor PM2.5 samples were collected during winter 2008 in Oporto city in Portugal, for sampling periods of 12 and 24 hours, respectively. The outdoor PM2.5 were sampled at one site directly influenced by traffic emissions and the indoor PM2.5 samples were collected at one home directly influenced by tobacco smoke and another one without smoke. A methodology based on microwave-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was applied for the efficient PAHs determination in indoor and outdoor PM2.5. PAHs in indoor PM2.5 concentrations were significantly influenced by the presence of traffic and tobacco smoking emissions. The mean of ΣPAHs in the outdoor traffic PM2.5 was not significantly different from the value attained in the indoor without smoking site. The tobacco smoke increased significantly PAHs concentrations on average about 1000 times more, when compared with the outdoor profile samples suggesting that tobacco smoking may be the most important source of indoor PAHs pollution

Diagnóstico Da Realidade Nutricional No Estado Do Amazonas, Brasil I - Hipovitaminose A.

Procedeu-se uma revisão de toda produção científica do Amazonas, da área da nutrição nas últimas décadas. A análise deste material, consubstanciada com as últimas pesquisas realizadas pelo grupo da Nutrição do INPA viabilizou a composição do diagnóstico da hipovitaminose A na região Amazônica. A investigação clínico-oftalmológica, envolveu 487 crianças de 2 a 5 anos, de ambos os sexos, oriundas das diferentes localidades amazônicas: Nhamundá, Alvarães, Anamã, Beruri e Benjamin Constant. Os níveis de retinol sérico foram determinados, exclusivamente, em 48 crianças do município de Nhamundá. A investigação clínica não evidenciou nenhum sinal e/ou sintoma pertinentes a carência de vitamina A. Níveis de ret-inol sérico, considerados normais e altos, foram registrados em 75,0% e 25,0%, respectivamente do universo estudado. O somatório destes resultados com as informações retrospectivas procedentes da literatura regional não permitem afirmar categoricamente a existência de hipovitaminose A como problema de Saúde Pública na região Amazônica

Levels and risks of particulate-bound PAHs in indoor air influenced by tobacco smoke: a field measurement

Considering tobacco smoke as one of the most health-relevant indoor sources, the aim of this work was to further understand its negative impacts on human health. The specific objectives of this work were to evaluate the levels of particulate-bound PAHs in smoking and non-smoking homes and to assess the risks associated with inhalation exposure to these compounds. The developed work concerned the application of the toxicity equivalency factors approach (including the estimation of the lifetime lung cancer risks, WHO) and the methodology established by USEPA (considering three different age categories) to 18 PAHs detected in inhalable (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particles at two homes. The total concentrations of 18 PAHs (ΣPAHs) was 17.1 and 16.6 ng m−3 in PM10 and PM2.5 at smoking home and 7.60 and 7.16 ng m−3 in PM10 and PM2.5 at non-smoking one. Compounds with five and six rings composed the majority of the particulate PAHs content (i.e., 73 and 78 % of ΣPAHs at the smoking and non-smoking home, respectively). Target carcinogenic risks exceeded USEPA health-based guideline at smoking home for 2 different age categories. Estimated values of lifetime lung cancer risks largely exceeded (68–200 times) the health-based guideline levels at both homes thus demonstrating that long-term exposure to PAHs at the respective levels would eventually cause risk of developing cancer. The high determined values of cancer risks in the absence of smoking were probably caused by contribution of PAHs from outdoor sources

Avaliação nutricional e alimentar de pré-escolares de uma creche de Manaus e a influência da entidade no estado nutricional de sua população

Two hundred and fifty children between the ages of 4 and 6 years were studied from a creche for the use of workers in the Industrial District of Manaus (Amazonas), Brazil. The parents of these children were considered to be. from the, low income, bracket. The nutritional status was determined according to the Gomez (1956) and Waterlow et al. (1977) classifications. The nutrient intake, was determined by means of the 24 - hour recall and weighed methods. According to the Gomez and Waterlow classifications, 62,8% and 61,6% of the children, respectively, were in a normal nutritional state. The results showed that the protein consumption was 92,98% of the ideal intake, of which 50,01% was of animal origin. The energy intake was only 68,17% of the level recomendedby FAO/WHO (1974). The calcium, riboflavin and vitamin C intakes were 85,89%, 82,73% and 89,9% of the recomended intakes respectively. The iron, thiamin and niacin intakes were lower than 80% of the FAO/WHO (1974) recomended intakes.Foram estudadas 250 crianças na faixa etária de 4 a 6 anos de uma creche destinada a filhos de trabalhadores do Distrito Industrial de Manaus, AM. Os pais dessas crianças foram consideradas de baixa renda. O estado nutricional foi avaliado segundo os critérios de Gomez (1956) e Waterlow et al. (1977); para o inquérito alimentar foi utilizado o método recordatório de 24 hs e pesagem direta dos alimentos. Os resultados indicaram qe a maioria das crianças, 62,8% estavam em estado nutricional normal pela classificação de Gomez (1974). O cálcio, a riboflavina e a vitamina C apresentaram índices de adequação de 85, 89%, 82, 73% e 89,9% respectivamente. Ferro, tiamina e niacina apresentaram índices inferiores a 80% do recomendado FAO/OMS (1974)

Hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos no ar ambiente

Tese de doutoramento. Engenharia do Ambiente. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto. 201