Diversidad de la flora arvense presente en parcelas de pequeños agricultores, previstas para policultivos en cinco municipios de Boyacá

 Abstract Introduction- The most critical impact of weeds is the negative effect on cultivated plants exerted through competition for limited resources and allelopathies. Studies have demonstrated the dominance of weeds in crops and have established ecological methods for good integrated management.     Objective-. To characterize the diversity of weed species in 60 smallholder farms in five municipalities of Boyacá, planned for polycultures. Methodology-. The research was carried out in 60 farms in five municipalities of the Department: Aquitania, Belén, Garagoa, Panqueba and Soatá, in each one two plots of 0.5 ha were sampled where the weeds present were determined in two frames of 1m2.   Results-. The presence of 109 species of weeds located in 93 genera and 38 botanical families was observed, being the most representative Poaceae with 18 species, Asteraceae with 15 species and Fabaceae with 9. The families Amarantaceae Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Oxalidaceae, Poligonaceae and Solanaceae were represented by 4 species. The farms were grouped into 3 or 4 groups in each municipality according to the biodiversity indicators of the weeds, while the municipalities formed three groups.  Conclusions- From the point of view of their agricultural importance, the species most frequently present in the municipalities were: P. clandestinum, Sonchus oleraceus L, Trifolium repens and Rumex crispus. In general, species richness at the farm level was low, equity medium and dominance high, while at the municipal level were observed high species richness, medium indicators of diversity and equity and low dominanceIntroducción- El impacto más crítico de las arvenses es el efecto negativo sobre las plantas cultivadas ejercido a través de la competencia por recursos limitados y las alelopatías. Objetivo-. Caracterizar la diversidad de especies de arvenses en 60 fincas de pequeños agricultores de cinco municipios de Boyacá previstos para policultivos. Metodología-. La investigación se desarrolló en 60 fincas de cinco municipios del Departamento: Aquitania, Belén, Garagoa, Panqueba y Soatá, en cada una se muestrearon dos parcelas de 0,5 ha donde se determinó en dos marcos de 1m2 las arvenses presentes. Resultados-. Se observó la presencia de 109 especies de arvenses ubicadas en 93 géneros y en 38 familias botánicas, siendo las más representativas Poaceae con 18 especies, Asteraceae con 15 especies y Fabaceae con 9. Las familias Amarantaceae Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Oxalidaceae, Poligonaceae y Solanaceae estuvieron representadas por 4 especies. Las fincas se agruparon en 3 o 4 grupos en cada municipio de acuerdo a los indicadores de biodiversidad de las arvenses, mientras que los municipios formaron tres grupos.  Conclusiones- Desde el punto de vista de su importancia agrícola las especies que con más frecuencia estuvieron presentes en los municipios fueron:  P. clandestinum, Sonchus oleraceus, Trifolium repens y Rumex crispus. En general la riqueza de especies a nivel de finca fue baja, la equidad media y la dominancia alta, mientras que a nivel municipal se apreció una alta riqueza de especies, indicadores medios de diversidad y equidad, y baja dominancia

Predatory mite species of the family Phytoseiidae, Acari, Mesostigmata, used in biological control of agricultural pests in Colombia

Introduction: The control of insects and mites' pests becomes a recurring theme in crops, which are fought using chemical products and often without the expected effectiveness. Methodology: A bibliographic search of the publications on predatory mites in Colombia was carried out in indexed journals from 2010 to 2020 in order to assess the topics addressed. In addition, the species of predatory mites reported in Colombia since the 1970s were investigated.   Results: In the last decade, eight publications were obtained in Colombia on predatory mites that record the presence or use of Phytoseiulus persimilis, Neoseiulus anonymus, Neoseiulus californicus, Iphiseiodes zuluagai, Amblyseius herbicolus, Amblyseius sp., Gaeolaelaps aculeifer and Euseius concordis  in various crops of economic importance such as citrus, guava, mango, yucca, cotton, sugar cane, ornamentals and others, with a wide geographic dispersion.   Conclusions: Scientific publications on predatory mites are not abundant in the last decade in Colombia, however, it is corroborated that there are reported a wide diversity of Ambliseus species and other genera of the Phytoseidae family and that the use in the productive practice of these do not correspond to the research results.Introduction: The control of insects and mites' pests becomes a recurring theme in crops, which are fought using chemical products and often without the expected effectiveness. Methodology: A bibliographic search of the publications on predatory mites in Colombia was carried out in indexed journals from 2010 to 2020 in order to assess the topics addressed. In addition, the species of predatory mites reported in Colombia since the 1970s were investigated.   Results: In the last decade, eight publications were obtained in Colombia on predatory mites that record the presence or use of Phytoseiulus persimilis, Neoseiulus anonymus, Neoseiulus californicus, Iphiseiodes zuluagai, Amblyseius herbicolus, Amblyseius sp., Gaeolaelaps aculeifer and Euseius concordis  in various crops of economic importance such as citrus, guava, mango, yucca, cotton, sugar cane, ornamentals and others, with a wide geographic dispersion.   Conclusions: Scientific publications on predatory mites are not abundant in the last decade in Colombia, however, it is corroborated that there are reported a wide diversity of Ambliseus species and other genera of the Phytoseidae family and that the use in the productive practice of these do not correspond to the research results.

Efecto bioestimulante de Trichoderma harzianum Rifai en posturas de Leucaena, Cedro y Samán

The present article aims to evaluate the biostimulating effect of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai in the seedling production of  Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) (leucaena), Cedrela odorata L., and Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Merr. An experiment for each specie was carried out under nursery conditions. A totally randomized design was used with four parcels by treatment. The treatments were: Trichoderma harzianum to reason of 20 g.L-1 and to 40 g.L-1, and a control. The germination percentage was evaluated, and the morphometric variables diameter of the shaft, height and dry matter of the root and the air part of the plant. The treatments with Trichoderma didn't increase the germination percentage in cedar, saman and leucaena. T. harzianum increased the height, the number of leaves and the dry biomass of the foliar area in the cedar seedlings, while in leucaena and saman only it incremented the basal diameter of the seedlings.El presente artículo evaluó el efecto bioestimulante de Trichoderma harzianum Rifai en la producción de postura de Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) de Wit., Cedrela odorata L. y Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Se desarrollaron tres experimentos en condiciones de vivero, uno para cada especie. Se empleó un diseño completamente aleatorio con cuatro parcelas por tratamiento. En cada experimento los tratamientos fueron: Trichoderma harzianum a razón de 20 g.L-1, 40 g.L-1 y un testigo. Se evaluó el porcentaje de germinación y las variables morfométricas diámetro y altura del tallo, así como biomasa seca en raíz y parte aérea de la planta. Los tratamientos con Trichoderma no incrementaron el porcentaje de germinación en cedro, samán y leucaena. T. harzianum incrementó la altura, el número de hojas y la biomasa seca del área foliar en las plántulas de cedro, mientras que en leucaena y samán solo provocó incrementos del diámetro basal de las plántulas

Edaphic mesofauna, some studies done: a review.

Abstract Introduction: The soil is a complex ecosystem considered the one inhabits where a number of organisms, microorganisms, minerals, organic matter, water and air live, physical, chemical and biological activities take place in it. Objective: To analyze updated information on research that addresses the role of the mesofauna in relation to soil quality. Methodology: Documentary sources were used to search the bibliographic documents. A bibliographic search was carried out until September 2021 based on: writing scientific articles and books, making an analytical and critical reading of the information on edaphic fauna with an emphasis on the last decade. The information was taken from the internet using the search engine "academic Google", Dialnet and the Wiley Online Library. Results: oribatid mites and collembola are the most abundant arthropods and with the highest specific diversity in the soil, they are diverse groups, biological indicators of soil quality, it is favored by agroecological practices such as coverage and it is affected by the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals. Conclusions: the mesofauna is favored by agroecological practices such as the association of crops, plant covers and the incorporation of crop residues, use of organic inputs such as compost, implementation of easily degradable plants, zero tillage, bare soils. And it is mainly affected by the exploitation of a single plant species with high applications of agrochemicals, climatic changes, anthropic disturbances of the edaphic environment, changes in land use, soils without cover and mechanized soil preparation. Keywords: Litter; decomposition; bioindicators; soil biology; organic material.Introduction: The soil is a complex ecosystem considered the one inhabits where a number of organisms, microorganisms, minerals, organic matter, water and air live, physical, chemical and biological activities take place in it. Objective: To analyze updated information on research that addresses the role of the mesofauna in relation to soil quality. Methodology: Documentary sources were used to search the bibliographic documents. A bibliographic search was carried out until September 2021 based on: writing scientific articles and books, making an analytical and critical reading of the information on edaphic fauna with an emphasis on the last decade. The information was taken from the internet using the search engine "academic Google", Dialnet and the Wiley Online Library. Results: oribatid mites and collembola are the most abundant arthropods and with the highest specific diversity in the soil, they are diverse groups, biological indicators of soil quality, it is favored by agroecological practices such as coverage and it is affected by the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals. Conclusions: the mesofauna is favored by agroecological practices such as the association of crops, plant covers and the incorporation of crop residues, use of organic inputs such as compost, implementation of easily degradable plants, zero tillage, bare soils. And it is mainly affected by the exploitation of a single plant species with high applications of agrochemicals, climatic changes, anthropic disturbances of the edaphic environment, changes in land use, soils without cover and mechanized soil preparation.

Diversidad de la flora arvense presente en parcelas de pequeños agricultores, previstas para policultivos en cinco municipios de Boyacá

Introducción- El impacto más crítico de las arvenses es el efecto negativo sobre las plantas cultivadas ejercido a través de la competencia por recursos limitados y las alelopatías. Objetivo-. Caracterizar la diversidad de especies de arvenses en 60 fincas de pequeños agricultores de cinco municipios de Boyacá previstos para policultivos. Metodología-. La investigación se desarrolló en 60 fincas de cinco municipios del Departamento: Aquitania, Belén, Garagoa, Panqueba y Soatá, en cada una se muestrearon dos parcelas de 0,5 ha donde se determinó en dos marcos de 1m2 las arvenses presentes. Resultados-. Se observó la presencia de 109 especies de arvenses ubicadas en 93 géneros y en 38 familias botánicas, siendo las más representativas Poaceae con 18 especies, Asteraceae con 15 especies y Fabaceae con 9. Las familias Amarantaceae Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Oxalidaceae, Poligonaceae y Solanaceae estuvieron representadas por 4 especies. Las fincas se agruparon en 3 o 4 grupos en cada municipio de acuerdo a los indicadores de biodiversidad de las arvenses, mientras que los municipios formaron tres grupos.  Conclusiones- Desde el punto de vista de su importancia agrícola las especies que con más frecuencia estuvieron presentes en los municipios fueron:  P. clandestinum, Sonchus oleraceus, Trifolium repens y Rumex crispus. En general la riqueza de especies a nivel de finca fue baja, la equidad media y la dominancia alta, mientras que a nivel municipal se apreció una alta riqueza de especies, indicadores medios de diversidad y equidad, y baja dominancia

Diversity and coverage of weed species in farms of small properties in eight municipalities, department of Boyacá, Colombia

Introduction- The knowledge of the weeds present in the agroecosystems and their populations allows to project in a more accurate way the management programs of these. Objective-. Characterize the diversity of weed species and its coverage in 120 small farms of small farmers in the municipalities of Boyacá. Methodology-. The investigation was carried out in 15 farms in the municipalities of the Department: Chitaraque, Gachantivá, La Capilla, Nuevo Colón, Maripí, Santa Maria, Zetraquira and Tuta, in each of 0.5 ha plots where the landmarks were determined. of 1m2 the weeds present and the percentage of coverage. Results-. It was observed the presence of 255 species of weeds located in 167 genera and in 60 botanical families, being the most representative families Asteraceae and Poaceae, followed by Cyperacea, Fabaceae and Polygonaceae. The municipalities characterized by a higher relative temperature Chitaraque, Santa María and La Capilla present higher specific richness. The species with the highest frequency, present in all the municipalities was P aquilinum, in 75% of the municipalities were D. ciliata, and S. rhombifolia and in 62.5% Anthoxanthum odoratum, Bidens pilosa, Desmodium incanum, Hypochaeris radicata and Verbena litoralis. Conclusions-. From the monocotyledons, several species of Poaceas stood out with greater coverage, among them; C. clandestinum, three from the Brachiaria genus, three from Cynodon, within the Cyperaceae the species Dichromena ciliata, and one fern from the Dennstaedtiaceae family, P. aquilinum, which generally constitute important weeds of economic crops.Introduction- The knowledge of the weeds present in the agroecosystems and their populations allows to project in a more accurate way the management programs of these. Objective-. Characterize the diversity of weed species and its coverage in 120 small farms of small farmers in the municipalities of Boyacá. Methodology-. The investigation was carried out in 15 farms in the municipalities of the Department: Chitaraque, Gachantivá, La Capilla, Nuevo Colón, Maripí, Santa Maria, Zetraquira and Tuta, in each of 0.5 ha plots where the landmarks were determined. of 1m2 the weeds present and the percentage of coverage. Results-. It was observed the presence of 255 species of weeds located in 167 genera and in 60 botanical families, being the most representative families Asteraceae and Poaceae, followed by Cyperacea, Fabaceae and Polygonaceae. The municipalities characterized by a higher relative temperature Chitaraque, Santa María and La Capilla present higher specific richness. The species with the highest frequency, present in all the municipalities was P aquilinum, in 75% of the municipalities were D. ciliata, and S. rhombifolia and in 62.5% Anthoxanthum odoratum, Bidens pilosa, Desmodium incanum, Hypochaeris radicata and Verbena litoralis. Conclusions-. From the monocotyledons, several species of Poaceas stood out with greater coverage, among them; C. clandestinum, three from the Brachiaria genus, three from Cynodon, within the Cyperaceae the species Dichromena ciliata, and one fern from the Dennstaedtiaceae family, P. aquilinum, which generally constitute important weeds of economic crops

Marchitez por Fusarium oxysporum Schlthl en masaguaro (Pseudosamanea guachapele) (Kunth).

Wilting by Fusarium oxysporum Schlthl in masaguaro (Pseudosamanea guachapele) (Kunth).Introducción: El masaguaro (Pseudomanea Guachapele) fue utilizado en la reforestación por la ”Fundación Orinoquia Biodiversa” en Arauca y presentó un marchitamiento desconocido.Objetivo. Caracterizar la enfermedad y su agente causal, y evaluar el posible control químico y biológico de la enfermedad.Metodología: La investigación se realizó en el barrio Campo Alegre Arauquita, Arauca, Colombia. Las muestras se analizaron en el laboratorio de microbiología de la Universidad de Pamplona. Se caracterizó la enfermedad y su agente causal, se determinó la incidencia y severidad de la enfermedad y se estimaron las pérdidas monetarias considerando las plantas muertas. Se realizó un experimento de control de marchitez utilizando benomyl y Bacillus subtilis, comparándolos con un control sin tratamiento. Resultados: Fusarium oxysporum fue identificado como agente causal de la enfermedad. El marchitamiento alcanzó entre el 13 y el 54% de incidencia. Las pérdidas económicas se estimaron en más de 19 millones de pesos / ha. Conclusión: Se verificó la acción preventiva y erradicativa de benomyl y solo acción preventiva de B. subtilis

Evaluation of the effect of essential oil formulations from Eucalyptus species against Arion spp.

Introduction- Slugs of the genus Arion are important pests of many crops, causing considerable decreases in yields. Given the need to meet food demand worldwide, it is important to have pest management systems, plant resources are natural alternatives for this purpose. Objective- Evaluate the effect of formulations of essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus cinerea in the control of Arion spp. Methodology- Two trials were developed with completely randomized designs with 5 treatments and 10 repetitions (one for the effect by contact and the other for ingestion), spraying on Arion spp. slugs, concentrations at 100 and 200 ppm of essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus or Eucalyptus cinerea. The corresponding analyzes of variances were carried out.  Results- The affectation of mobility for Arion spp., was very similar for all treatments. The formulations of both species of Eucalyptus caused mortality of Arion spp by contact since the 9th day and by ingestion on the 4th day, higher than 85% by contact, and 95% by ingestion. The TL50. per contact varied between 10.31 and 10.12 days for the essential oil of E. globulus and between 13.31 and 6.69 days for that of E. cinerea, while by ingestion they ranged between 7.31 and 5.55 days for E. globulus and between 8.22 and 6.6 days for E. cinerea at 100 and 200 ppm respectively. Conclusions- The formulations of both Eucalyptus species caused mortality by contact since the 9th day and by ingestion since the 4th day, while the TL 50 were relatively lower by ingestion for E. globulu

Caracterización de los suelos de seis municipios en Norte de Santander

Introduction− The main axis of economic development in the North Department of Santander is the agricultural sector. However, there is no productive management plan that allows the planning and efficient promotion of land use. Objective− To determine the taxonomic, agrochemical and physical characteristics of the soils in six municipalities of  Norte de Santander department. Methodology− The study was carried out on 90 farms in Arboledas, Convention, Esperanza, La Playa, Mutiscua and Ocaña municipalities. Samples of soils composed of 0 to 30 cm (2 ha/farm) were taken and texture and macro and micronutrients were determined. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed for all soil variables analyzed. The method of samples not paired by the Student t test was used with a probability of error of 5%. The statistical package SPSS version 21 was used. Results− Taxonomically the soils belong to the orders Inceptisol and Entisol. The predominant textural classes were loam, silty clay loam and sandy loam. Macro and micronutrients concentration was low with the exception of iron and manganese and the coefficients of variation were above 50% for most of the elements analyzed. Conclusions− The predominated soils were Inceptisols with Dystrudepts, Eutrudepts Humudepts and Dystrustepts suborders, and Entisol with Udorthents and Ustorthents suborders, with sandy loam, silty loam,, loam and silty clay loam textures. These presented a high variability in the concentrations of macro and micronutrients and in general low natural fertility. Introducción− El principal eje de desarrollo económico en el Departamento Norte de Santander es el sector agropecuario. Sin embargo, no existe un plan de ordenamiento productivo que permitan la planificación y promoción eficiente de uso del suelo. Objetivo− Determinar las características taxonómicas, agroquímicas y físicas de los suelos en seis municipios del departamento Norte de Santander. Metodología− El estudio se realizó en 90 fincas de los municipios: Arboledas, Convención, Esperanza, La Playa, Mutiscua y Ocaña.  Se seleccionaron 15 fincas por municipio. Se tomaron muestras de suelos compuestas de 0 a 30 cm (2 ha/finca) y se les determinó textura y macro y micronutrientes. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo para todas las variables de suelo analizadas. Se empleó el método de muestras no pareadas por la prueba de t de Student con una probabilidad de error del 5 %. Se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 21. Resultados− Taxonómicamente los suelos pertenecen a los órdenes Inceptisol y Entisol. Las clases texturales predominantes fueron franco, franco arcillo limoso y franco arenoso. La concentración de macro y micronutrientes fue baja con excepción del hierro y el manganeso y los coeficientes de variación estuvieron por encima del 50% para la mayoría de los elementos analizados. Conclusiones− Predominaron los suelos Inceptisoles con subórdenes Dystrudepts, Eutrudepts Humudepts y Dystrustepts y Entisol con subórdenes Udorthents y Ustorthents, con texturas franco arenoso, franco limosa, franca y franco arcillo limosa.  Estos presentaron una alta variabilidad en las concentraciones de macro y micronutrientes y en general baja fertilidad natura

Influencia del momento de poda del duraznero (Prunus persica L. Batsch) sobre la dinámica de las principales enfermedades

The cultivation of peach trees constitutes the fourth agricultural line of the province of Pamplona, Norte de Santander , Colombia however, they are the results of research on plant pathology issues. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of different pruning moments on the seasonal dynamics of the main diseases of the peach tree Prunus persica (L.) Batsch in the municipality of Cacota. To achieve this, plots were taken with three pruning moments of the Gran Jarillo cultivar, evaluating the incidence percentage, severity and the Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (ABCPE) of the main foliage and fruit diseases. The lots were evaluated for a period of 11 months, taking into account the environmental conditions of the farm. At the end of the production cycle for each variable, a statistical analysis of comparison of means was performed for unrelated samples according to the Z test (p <0.05). Statistix (V4) and SPSS 23 statistical packages were used. As a result, it was shown that Taphrina deformans mainly affects the leaves and Sphaerotheca pannosa the fruits. The first is evident from the moment the first leaves unfold and reached its maximum incidence between 57 and 99 DDP for pruning in November and March, respectively. S. pannosa obtained its highest incidence (98.76%) at 166 DDP in pruning in November, for this same treatment Monilinia fructicola reached its highest incidence at 260 DDP and only affected fruits in a ripe state.  El cultivo de duraznero constituye el cuarto renglón agrícola de la provincia de Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia, sin embargo, son escasos los resultados de investigación sobre los temas fitopatológicos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la influencia de diferentes momentos de poda sobre la dinámica estacional de las principales enfermedades del duraznero Prunus persica L. Batsch en el municipio de Cácota. Para lograrlo, se tomaron parcelas con tres momentos de poda del cultivar Gran Jarillo, evaluándose el porcentaje de incidencia, severidad y el Área Bajo la Curva de Progreso de la Enfermedad (ABCPE) de las principales enfermedades del follaje y de los frutos. Los lotes se evaluaron por un periodo de 11 meses. Al finalizar el ciclo productivo para cada variable se realizó un análisis estadístico de comparación de medias para muestras no relacionadas según la prueba de Z (p<0,05). Se utilizaron los paquetes estadísticos Statistix V4 y SPSS 23. Como resultado se evidenció que Taphrina deformans afecta principalmente las hojas y Sphaerotheca pannosa los frutos. La primera se evidencia desde el momento en que las primeras hojas se despliegan y alcanzó su máxima incidencia entre los 57 y 99 DDP para la poda de noviembre y marzo, respectivamente. S. pannosa obtuvo su mayor incidencia (98,76%) a los 166 DDP en de poda de noviembre, para este mismo tratamiento Monilinia fructicola alcanzó su incidencia más alta a los 260 DDP y solo afectó frutos en estado de maduración