Conhecimento de performance com base no Teste do Desempenho Motor do Nado Crawl, na aprendizagem do nado crawl

ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos do conhecimento de performance (CP), com base no teste do desempenho motor do nado crawl (TDMND) (Corazza et al., 2006), na aprendizagem do nado crawl. Participaram do estudo 41 adultos. Enquanto um grupo recebeu CP após boas tentativas, o outro recebeu CP após as más tentativas. O TDMNC, composto por 29 itens, foi usado para a elaboração das informações de CP, assim como para a constatação dos níveis de aprendizagem. Para ambos os grupos, independentemente do CP fornecido, foi detectada diferença entre o pré e o pós‐teste, o que indica sucesso no processo de aprendizagem. No entanto, na comparação entre os pós‐testes, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos. A complexidade do teste e a dificuldade dos aprendizes em discriminar entre boas e más tentativas de prática são discutidos.AbstractThe objective of this study was to verify the effects of knowledge of performance (KP) based on the Swimming Crawl Motor Performance Test (SCMPT) (Corazza et al., 2006) on the learning of swimming crawl. Forty‐one undergraduate students, divided into two groups, participated in the study. While one group received KP after good trials, the other received KP after poor trials. The SCMPT, consisting of 29 items, was used for KP elaboration, as well as for motor learning assessment. Difference between groups was not observed on the post‐test. The complexity of the test and the difficulty of learners in discriminating between good and bad trials are discussed

Effects of command and guided discovery teaching styles on acquisition and retention of the handstand

The influential Mosston’s Spectrum of Teaching Styles is a guide to teaching decisions in Physical Education. This highly researched topic has been tested in many contexts so that our focus is centered on the type of skill during motor skill acquisition in physical education settings. Given that the tasks employed in the studies have been either specialized or manipulative fundamental skills, we sought to extend our understanding of the issue addressing the effects of teaching styles in the process of learning a stability fundamental skill. Our purpose was to examine motor and psychological effects of command and guided discovery teaching styles from Mosston's Spectrum in the acquisition and retention of the handstand in scholars. Third graders from a suburban school in Sao Paulo, Brazil, were assigned to a command (n=22) and a guided discovery (n=23) group. The process of learning the handstand lasted six acquisition sessions, carried out between a pretest and a posttest/retention. We used as dependent variables the motor developmental level (initial, elementary and mature), the movement ratings (scores from 0 to 10) and the motivation levels (post-learning self-reported subscales from the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory). The guided discovery teaching style led more scholars to reach the mature developmental stage of the handstand on retention compared to the command teaching style. No group differences were detected with respect to ratings or intrinsic motivation. Regardless of the group, the pretest ratings were lower than the posttest ones as well as boys scored higher in pressure and tension subscale as compared to girls. The current findings suggest that both teaching styles promoted motor acquisition, but the guided discovery teaching style seemed to yield superior handstand retention

Representações sociais de estudantes de bacharelado em Educação Física sobre saúde

O conceito de saúde é amplo e por vezes de classificação complexa, dado os diversos componentes sociais, psicológicos, fisiológicos e ambientais envolvidos na sua caracterização. As definições de saúde são apresentadas na literatura, em documentos nacionais e internacionais. No entanto, a forma pela qual o estudante de Educação Física se apropria desse conceito para nortear sua prática ainda é pouco conhecida. Dessa maneira, o estudo objetivou identificar e analisar as representações sociais que universitários do curso de bacharelado em educação física compartilham sobre saúde. Para atingir o objetivo dessa investigação, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo com universitários do curso de Educação Física de uma instituição privada do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os 45 participantes responderam ao Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras. Os resultados observados foram de que as representações sociais de estudantes de bacharelado em Educação Física estão associadas majoritariamente ao exercício. Logo, o estudo desvela a necessidade de intervenções pedagógicas que promova a otimização do conceito de saúde que se mostrou fragmentado na perspectiva dos universitários

Implicações do bullying na saúde mental de adolescentes obesos: revisão integrativa

A violência é um problema de saúde pública crescente, que traz sérias consequências individuais e sociais. Nesse contexto, destaca-se a prática de bullying relacionado à obesidade. Não é incomum indivíduos considerados obesos sofrerem maior exclusão social e apresentarem quadros de ansiedade, privação e problemas de comportamento alimentar que se agravam com a prática do bullying. O objetivo deste artigo é aprofundar a discussão a respeito das implicações do bullying na saúde mental de adolescentes obesos. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão integrativa realizada nas bases eletrônicas: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed); e Scientifc Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Do total de estudos incluídos na revisão final (n = 05), 02 foram realizados no Brasil, 01 no Reino Unido, 01 nos Estados Unidos e 01 na Noruega. Foi possível observar a existência de sentimentos negativos vivenciados por adolescentes obesos, vítimas de bullying, tais como ansiedade, tristeza, angústia e sentimento de exclusão social. Tais achados evidenciam uma certa urgência para o desenvolvimento de ações permanentes de enfrentamento ao bullying e promoção do convívio saudável

Conhecimento sobre a presença da filmadora, níveis de ansiedade e desempenho motor global de crianças

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar o efeito do conhecimento sobre a presença da filmadora no desempenho de habilidades motoras fundamentais e a relação com os níveis de ansiedade em crianças. Participaram da pesquisa 31 crianças do sexo masculino, com idades entre 7 e 9 anos, as quais executaram seis habilidades motoras de locomoção e seis de controle de objeto do Teste de Desenvolvimento Motor Global 2 em duas situações, com a filmadora visível e com a filmadora oculta. O questionário de ansiedade traço-estado para crianças de Spielberger foi utilizado para medir os níveis de ansiedade antes e durante a realização do teste motor. Cada criança foi testada nas duas condições, com intervalo de três meses entre os momentos de coleta. Os testes t de Student para amostras dependentes indicaram desempenhos superiores para a condição de filmadora visível no subteste controle de objeto e no coeficiente motor geral. Em ambas as condições, o teste de qui-quadrado apontou que a maioria das crianças apresentou nível “muito pobre” de desenvolvimento motor global. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre ansiedade e desempenho motor. Os achados foram discutidos com base em teorias de motivação para o desempenho, fundamentalmente sobre aspectos relacionados à autodeterminação, fluxo e nível de ativação

Motor learning in children with cerebral palsy

INTRODUÇÃO: a Paralisia Cerebral (PC) tem como característica causar alterações na postura e movimento que dificultam a realização de atividades funcionais. Diante das dificuldades motoras, a reabilitação torna-se essencial e tem como uma opção basear-se na aprendizagem motora. Porém, é importante a investigação do processo de aprendizagem motora em indivíduos com PC para viabilizar a organização de programas de tratamento mais efetivos. OBJETIVO: analisar o processo de aprendizagem motora em crianças com PC. MÉTODO: Para a realização deste trabalho utilizou-se um grupo experimental (GE) e um grupo controle (GC) ambos formados por 4 crianças pareadas em relação ao gênero (um do gênero feminino e três do gênero masculino) e idade (entre sete e doze anos). A tarefa consistia em realizar um caminho em um labirinto, no menor tempo possível. O trabalho consistiu de duas fases, sendo inicialmente a fase de aquisição (AQ) e depois as transferências (Imediata-TI; Curto Prazo-TC e Longo Prazo-TL). RESULTADO: Verificou-se que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a AQ e as transferências avaliadas com os valores a seguir: TI (z = -1,83 e p = 0,07), TC (z = -1,83 e p = 0,07) e a TL [GE (z = -1,83 e p = 0,07) e GC (z = -1,46 e p = 0,14)]. CONCLUSÃO: No processo de aprendizagem da tarefa de labirinto, analisando-se os resultados entre as fases de AQ e Transferência não se observou diferença, ou seja, os indivíduos com PC mostraram capacidade de aprendizagem preservada por meio da adaptação da tarefa, fato este que ocorreu de forma equivalente aos indivíduos sem paralisia cerebral.INTRODUCTION: cerebral palsy (CP) has the characteristic of causing changes in posture and movement that hamper the achievement of functional activities. In the face of motor disabilities, rehabilitation becomes essential and is an option based on motor learning. However, it is important to research the motor learning process in individuals with CP to make the organization of treatment programs more effective. OBJECTIVE: Analyse the motor learning in children with CP. METHOD: For the realization of this work, an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG) was used, comprised of four children matched in relation to gender (one female and three masculine) and age (between seven and twelve years). The task was to conduct a path into a maze in the shortest time possible. The work consisted of two phases, being initially an acquisition phase (AQ) and then transfers (immediate-IM; short-term-ST and long-term-LT). RESULT: It was found that there was no statistical significance difference between AQ and transfers evaluated with the following values: IM (z= -1.83, p=0.07), ST (z= -1.83, p=0.07) and LT [EG (z= -1.83, p=0.07) and CG (z= -1.46, p=0.14)]. CONCLUSION: In the process of maze task learning, when analyzing the results between phases AQ and transfer, significant difference was not observed, which means that individuals with CP showed learning capacity through task adaptation equivalent to individuals without cerevral palsy

Evaluation of speed-accuracy trade-off in a computer task to identify motor difficulties in individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) present with progressive loss of motor function which can impair both control of speed and accuracy of movement. Aim: to evaluate movement time during a task at various levels of difficulty and to verify whether the level of difficulty affects the speed and/ or accuracy during the task. Methods: the DMD group comprised of 17 individuals age matched with 17 individuals with typical development (TD group). The task evaluates the relationship between speed and accuracy, consisting of the execution of manual movements (using the mouse of the computer) aimed at a target at three different levels of difficulty (ID). Results: A MANOVA demonstrated statistically significant differences in dispersion data and intercept values between the groups with greater movement time in the DMD group. An ANOVA indicated differences between groups for ID, except for when there was a higher accuracy demand (higher ID). In the other IDs that required lower accuracy demand, individuals in the DMD group had significantly longer movement time when compared to the TD group. Conclusion: These results show that the TD and DMD did not differ in the higher ID, therefore it can be concluded that for those with DMD, motor performance is more affected by speed than accuracy of movement. What this paper adds? It is known that individuals with DMD have considerable motor deficits, however this paper shows that when the task involves higher accuracy compared with speed, people with DMD have performance similar to typically developed peers. This insight is a novel finding and can inform the rehabilitation team, to focus on training of speed, whilst maintaining accuracy for better execution of daily life tasks

MOTOR LEARNING IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

Abstract Introduction: cerebral palsy (CP) has the characteristic of causing changes in posture and movement that hamper the achievement of functional activities. In the face of motor disabilities, rehabilitation becomes essential and is an option based on motor learning. However, it is important to research the motor learning process in individuals with CP to make the organization of treatment programs more effective. OBJECTIVE: Analyse the motor learning in children with CP. METHOD: For the realization of this work, an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG) was used, comprised of four children matched in relation to gender (one female and three masculine) and age (between seven and twelve years). The task was to conduct a path into a maze in the shortest time possible. The work consisted of two phases, being initially an acquisition phase (AQ) and then transfers (immediate-IM; short-term-ST and long-term-LT). RESULT: It was found that there was no statistical significance difference between AQ and transfers evaluated with the following values: IM (z= -1.83, p=0.07), p=0.14)]. CONCLUSION: In the process of maze task learning, when analyzing the results between phases AQ and transfer, significant difference was not observed, which means that individuals with CP showed learning capacity through task adaptation equivalent to individuals without CP

Woody aboveground biomass mapping of the brazilian savanna with a multi-sensor and machine learning approach

The tropical savanna in Brazil known as the Cerrado covers circa 23% of the Brazilian territory, but only 3% of this area is protected. High rates of deforestation and degradation in the woodland and forest areas have made the Cerrado the second-largest source of carbon emissions in Brazil. However, data on these emissions are highly uncertain because of the spatial and temporal variability of the aboveground biomass (AGB) in this biome. Remote-sensing data combined with local vegetation inventories provide the means to quantify the AGB at large scales. Here, we quantify the spatial distribution of woody AGB in the Rio Vermelho watershed, located in the centre of the Cerrado, at a high spatial resolution of 30 metres, with a random forest (RF) machine-learning approach. We produced the first high-resolution map of the AGB for a region in the Brazilian Cerrado using a combination of vegetation inventory plots, airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, and multispectral and radar satellite images (Landsat 8 and ALOS-2/PALSAR-2). A combination of random forest (RF) models and jackknife analyses enabled us to select the best remote-sensing variables to quantify the AGB on a large scale. Overall, the relationship between the ground data from vegetation inventories and remote-sensing variables was strong (R2 = 0.89), with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 7.58 Mg ha−1 and a bias of 0.43 Mg ha−1

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio