Jejum intermitente e restrição calórica para o emagrecimento: uma revisão sistemática

Intermittent fasting (IF) and daily calorie restriction (DCR) are nutritional strategies that have been widely adopted and compared with each other. This paper aims to compare the effects of IF and DCR on the alteration of biochemical markers and body composition. The PRISMA recommendation was used for the elaboration of the work, and 20 randomized clinical trials were included in the qualitative synthesis. There were no differences between IF and DCR in six studies evaluating blood glucose; four studies evaluating triglycerides; six studies evaluating insulin; all studies evaluating total cholesterol, homocysteine ​​and glycated hemoglobin; four studies that evaluated LDL cholesterol; five studies that evaluated HDL cholesterol; two studies that evaluated HOMA-IR; three studies that evaluated leptin; six studies that evaluated body weight; three studies that evaluated lean mass; and four studies that evaluated fat mass. There was an increase in the IF group for two studies evaluating weight loss recovery and two studies evaluating post-intervention caloric intake. Most studies investigating ghrelin found a decrease in IF. 19 included studies had a high risk of bias. Three systematic reviews found results similar to those found in this study on body weight change and contradictory results on insulinemia change. There seems to be no difference between IF and DCR in improving most of the parameters studied.O jejum intermitente (JI) e a restrição calórica diária (RCD) são estratégias nutricionais que vêm sendo amplamente adotadas e comparadas entre si. Este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar os efeitos do JI e da RCD na alteração de marcadores bioquímicos e da composição corporal. Utilizou-se a recomendação PRISMA para a elaboração do trabalho, e 20 ensaios clínicos randomizados foram incluídos na síntese qualitativa. Não observou-se diferenças entre JI e RCD em seis estudos que avaliaram glicemia; quatro estudos que avaliaram triglicérides; seis estudos que avaliaram insulinemia; todos os estudos que avaliaram colesterol total, homocisteína e hemoglobina glicada; quatro estudos que avaliaram LDL colesterol; cinco estudos que avaliaram HDL colesterol; dois estudos que avaliaram HOMA-IR; três estudos que avaliaram leptina; seis estudos que avaliaram peso corporal; três estudos que avaliaram massa magra; e quatro estudos que avaliaram massa gorda. Observou-se aumento no grupo JI para dois estudos que avaliaram recuperação de peso perdido e dois estudos que avaliaram o consumo calórico pós intervenção. A maioria dos estudos que investigaram grelina encontrou diminuição em JI. 19 estudos incluídos apresentam alto risco de viés. Três revisões sistemáticas encontraram resultados semelhantes aos deste trabalho na alteração de peso corporal, e contraditórios na alteração da insulinemia. Parece não haver diferenças entre o JI e a RCD na melhora da maioria dos parâmetros estudados

Influence of Pre-Heating Regular Resin Composites and Flowable Composites on Luting Ceramic Veneers with Different Thicknesses

The aim of this study was to evaluate of pre-heating, filler contents and ceramic thickness on film thickness, microshear bond strength, degree of conversion and color change on ceramic veneers. Two experimental composites were prepared (Bis-GMA/UDMA/BisEMA/ TEGDMA), with different amounts of filler (65% or 50%wt) simulating a conventional and a flowable composite. The flowable (F) was used at room temperature and, the conventional either at room temperature (C) or pre-heated (CPH). Disk-shaped ceramics with different thickness (0.4 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.5 mm) were prepared. The film thickness was evaluated according to the ISO 4049 (n=10). The microshear bond strength (n=10) was evaluated in enamel using tubing specimens light-cured through the ceramic veneer. The degree of conversion was evaluated using Raman spectroscopy. The color change of the ceramic restorations (n=10) was evaluated by spectrophotometry. The results were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test (a=5%). For the film thickness 1-way ANOVA was used (a=5%). The C presented the thicker film thickness; the CPH produced a similar film thickness in comparison to the F. All composites showed similar microshear bond strength. The degree of conversion of the F was higher than the C and CPH. The degree of conversion of the composites photo-activated through a 0.4 mm was higher than the composites photo-activated through thicker ceramics. The C showed the highest color change, while the CPH showed similar color change to the F. In conclusion, pre-heated conventional composites seem to be a potential alternative to lute ceramic veneers such as the flowable composites

Oral and maxillofacial lesions in older individuals and associated factors : a retrospective analysis of cases retrieved in two different services

Studies on the oral and maxillofacial lesions (OMLs) in older people usually assess data of laboratory services and data from oral medicine clinic have been poorly described. The aim of this study was to describe and to compare OMLs in older individuals considering two data sources, besides to assess associated factors with the three most frequent lesions. A retrospective study was conducted with individuals aged 60 years or older. Data of individuals and lesions reported in both services were collected. Univariate analysis was used to test the association between the occurrence of the lesion and the independent variables. The level of significance was set at 5%. A total of 1,695 (37.3%) records were from the Oral Medicine clinic and 2,848 (62.7%) from the Laboratory service. Inflammatory/reactive lesion group was the most frequent in both services (40.4% in Oral Medicine Clinic and in 44.2% Laboratory). The second and third groups of lesions in the Oral Medicine clinic were infectious diseases (18.5%), and variations of normality (10.8%), while in the laboratorial service were the malignant neoplasms (17.6%) and potentially malignant disorders (13.3%). Differences between services regarding the frequency of lesion groups occurred (p<0.05), except for pigmented (p=0.054) and infectious (p=0.054) groups. Females (OR: 2.08; CI: 1.81?2.39) and individuals who wore a removable prosthesis (OR: 3.99; CI: 2.83?5.62) were also likely to have inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia. Old?old individuals (OR: 1.70; CI: 1.30?2.21), male (OR: 3.63; CI: 3.00?4.39), smoking (OR: 6.05; CI: 4.84?7.56) or alcohol use (OR: 3.95; CI: 3.12?5.01) were likely to have squamous cell carcinoma. The results showed different frequencies of OMLs in older individuals according to the data sources and age group. The findings are important to direct public policies for this age group

Chemical Structure and Localization of Levan, the Predominant Fructan Type in Underground Systems of Gomphrena marginata (Amaranthaceae)

Gomphrena marginata Seub. (Amaranthaceae) is an endemic species from Brazilian campos rupestres with a fructan accumulating underground reserve system. Analyses of high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC–PAD) revealed the presence of the soluble carbohydrates glucose, fructose, sucrose, 1-kestose, 6-kestose, nystose and fructans with degree of polymerization (DP) up to approximately 40 fructose units. Data of 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, including Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation (HSQC) and Heteronuclear Multiple-Bonds Correlation (HMBC) showed the presence of β (2,6) linkages, characteristic of the linear molecule of levan-type fructan(2,6). These results confirmed previous studies suggesting that the reserve carbohydrate in the underground system of this species was levan-type fructans, similar to that of G. macrocephala. Structural analyses of the thickened underground system using light microscopy revealed a mixed origin system consisting mainly of a gemmiferous tuberous root with the upper region formed by short branched stems, both presenting vascular cylinders with unusual growth patterns. Fructan spherocrystals were visualized under polarized light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) mostly in the cortex and vascular cylinder in both thickened stem and root. In addition to data reported in the literature concerning the occurrence of fructans in the Amaranthaceae, the results presented here suggest that fructans are a trait in this family while the levan-type fructan prevail in Gomphrena species

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

Pesquisa de microrganismos presentes em máscaras de tecidos em estudantes e funcionários da saúde de uma instituição de ensino superior do Agreste de Pernambuco: Investigation of microorganisms present in tissue masks in healthcare students and employees of a undergraduate institution from the Agreste of Pernambuco

Introdução: Estima-se que sejam reconhecidas mais de 750 espécies de bactérias presentes na cavidade oral, embora o número preciso de microrganismos seja ainda maior. Nesse contexto, é válido observar a relação entre os microrganismos presentes na cavidade oral e sua disseminação entre a população. Bactérias, vírus e fungos podem estar presentes e causar prejuízos à saúde do indivíduo, seja desenvolvendo uma infecção ou mesmo comprometendo sua imunidade. A má higienização, não só das mãos, mas também das máscaras, pode acarretar a contaminação do próprio indivíduo, bem como daqueles ao seu redor. Objetivo: Realizar uma pesquisa quantitativa de bactérias heterotróficas presentes em máscaras de tecido em estudantes da área da saúde e funcionários de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior do Agreste de Pernambuco. Material e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo observacional laboratorial, a população foi composta por estudantes da área da saúde e funcionários do Centro Universitário Tabosa de Almeida (ASCES-UNITA), em Caruaru-PE. A pesquisa foi realizada no período de outubro de 2021 a novembro de 2021. Foram incluídos indivíduos que utilizassem máscara de tecido no momento da coleta. Foi coletado, com um swab, uma amostra da parte de dentro da máscara, armazenado em uma solução salina para o transporte e semeado em meio Sabouraud e Plate Count Agar (PCA), e após 24h na estufa foi feita a contagem de UFC (Unidades Formadoras de Colônias). Resultados e discussão: A variável mais relevante foi a relação entre estudantes e funcionários, onde os funcionários se destacaram por apresentarem uma maior média de UFC. Observa-se que 80,6% dos funcionários e 81,2% dos estudantes relataram não fazer a troca da máscara no tempo correto de acordo com as recomendações da ANVISA. Ambos os grupos se comportaram de maneira semelhante, no entanto, ainda é possível identificar uma maior porcentagem de funcionários em detrimento aos alunos no período de 4 a 12 horas e 12 a 24 horas sem realizar a higienização das máscaras. Dentro desse período está inserida a jornada de trabalho dos funcionários da instituição, que acabam por passar mais tempo utilizando apenas uma máscara. Conclusão: O presente estudo concluiu que a utilização de máscaras de tecido é um importante método de barreira na prevenção à contaminação por microrganismos. Como resultado, apresentou dados relevantes no grupo de estudantes e funcionários, que faz comparação de UFC entre eles, obtendo-se um valor de p&lt;0,05. Isso acontece pelo fato dos funcionários transitarem em locais diferentes e uso prolongado da máscara durante a jornada de trabalho. Portanto, se faz necessário o uso e higienização de forma correta recomendados pelos órgãos sanitários, assim tendo controle da transmissão e maior saúde para a população