Las políticas laborales y las relaciones de trabajo durante los gobiernos del Frente Amplio

Las acciones políticas emprendidas en materia laboral por los gobiernos del Frente Amplio configuraron un mapa de relaciones laborales significativamente opuesto al representado en la década de los noventa de flexibilización y desregulación laboral. En efecto, desde 2005 se observa un proceso de fortalecimiento de las institucionales laborales que ha repercutido en los niveles de ingresos y condiciones de vida de gran parte de la población. En concreto, el presente trabajo tiene como cometido describir las políticas laborales y las relaciones de trabajo a la vista de las transformaciones experimentadas durante los gobiernos de Tabaré Vázquez (2005-2010) y de José Mujica (2010-2015).Palabras claves: gobiernos del Frente Amplio, políticas laborales, relaciones de trabajo

The upper-airway microbiome as a biomarker of asthma exacerbations despite inhaled corticosteroid treatment.

BACKGROUND: The response to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in asthma is affected by the interplay of several factors. Among these, the role of the upper-airway microbiome has been scarcely investigated. We aimed to evaluate the association between the salivary, pharyngeal, and nasal microbiome with asthma exacerbations despite receipt of ICS. METHODS: Samples from 250 asthma patients from the Genomics and Metagenomics of Asthma Severity (GEMAS) study treated with ICS were analyzed. Control/case subjects were defined by the absence/presence of asthma exacerbations in the past 6 months despite being treated with ICS. The bacterial microbiota was profiled by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Differences between groups were assessed by PERMANOVA and regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Afalse discovery rate (FDR) of 5% was used to correct for multiple comparisons. Classification models of asthma exacerbations despite ICS treatment were built with machine learning approaches based on clinical, genetic, and microbiome data. RESULTS: In nasal and saliva samples, case subjects had lower bacterial diversity (Richness, Shannon, and Faith indices) than control subjects (.007≤ P≤ .037). Asthma exacerbations accounted for 8% to 9% of the interindividual variation of the salivary and nasal microbiomes (.003≤ P≤ .046). Three, 4, and 11 bacterial genera from the salivary, pharyngeal, and nasal microbiomes were differentially abundant between groups (4.09*10-12≤ FDR≤ 0.047). Integrating clinical, genetic, and microbiome data showed good discrimination for the development of asthma exacerbations despite receipt of ICS (AUCtraining: 0.82 and AUCvalidation: 0.77). CONCLUSION: The diversity and composition of the upper-airway microbiome are associated with asthma exacerbations despite ICS treatment. The salivary microbiome has a potential application as a biomarker of asthma exacerbations despite receipt of ICS

Development of a Panel of Genome-Wide Ancestry Informative Markers to Study Admixture Throughout the Americas

Most individuals throughout the Americas are admixed descendants of Native American, European, and African ancestors. Complex historical factors have resulted in varying proportions of ancestral contributions between individuals within and among ethnic groups. We developed a panel of 446 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) optimized to estimate ancestral proportions in individuals and populations throughout Latin America. We used genome-wide data from 953 individuals from diverse African, European, and Native American populations to select AIMs optimized for each of the three main continental populations that form the basis of modern Latin American populations. We selected markers on the basis of locus-specific branch length to be informative, well distributed throughout the genome, capable of being genotyped on widely available commercial platforms, and applicable throughout the Americas by minimizing within-continent heterogeneity. We then validated the panel in samples from four admixed populations by comparing ancestry estimates based on the AIMs panel to estimates based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. The panel provided balanced discriminatory power among the three ancestral populations and accurate estimates of individual ancestry proportions (R2>0.9 for ancestral components with significant between-subject variance). Finally, we genotyped samples from 18 populations from Latin America using the AIMs panel and estimated variability in ancestry within and between these populations. This panel and its reference genotype information will be useful resources to explore population history of admixture in Latin America and to correct for the potential effects of population stratification in admixed samples in the region

Cambios y continuidades en las relaciones laborales en Argentina, Chile, Brasil y Uruguay durante los gobiernos de corte progresista: Impactos sobre los trabajadores y el movimiento sindical

Este trabajo presenta un análisis comparado de las relaciones laborales en Argentina, Brasil, Chile y Uruguay, durante el período signado por la aparición de gobiernos de izquierda o de corte progresista, que guardan en común, un discurso crítico a su pasado neoliberal, otorgándole un papel mayor a la intervención del Estado y un renovado énfasis por el desarrollo de las agendas de políticas sociales. Temprana o tardíamente, de forma ortodoxa o gradual, estos países realizaron reformas estructurales e institucionales de corte neoliberal, que transformaron sus modelos de desarrollo, alterando sus regímenes de producción, de empleo y bienestar social. El proceso de reconversión productiva, con la reducción del sector manufacturero en relación a los servicios, la flexibilización, subcontratación y tercerizaciones, con su correlato sobre la estructura de empleo, acrecentaron la segmentación y fragmentación social del mercado de trabajo, la informalidad y precariedad laboral. El retiro del Estado en la regulación de las relaciones individuales y colectivas del trabajo, la reducción de los derechos sociolaborales ligados a las prerrogativas de la competitividad empresarial, repercutieron significativamente sobre el conjunto de los trabajadores y organizaciones sindicales. Se transformaron las bases y espacios de constitución sindical, se eliminaron los canales institucionales que los adscribían al sistema político, viéndose reducidas sus fuentes de movilización, de organización y de acción colectiva ante a la fragmentación sindical, como de representación de los intereses de los trabajadores y su legitimación, frente a los empresarios y el Estado. Frente a estos antecedentes, se propone describir los cambios y/o continuidades en las relaciones laborales, bajo los gobiernos de Ricardo Lagos y Michelle Bachelet (2000- 2010), Lula Da Silva y Dilma Rousseff (2003-), Tabaré Vázquez y José Mujica (2005-), y Néstor Kirchner y Cristina Fernández (2003-). La selección de casos, se debe por entender que estos gobiernos comparten trayectorias y característica similares, como rasgos políticos propios que los singularizan entre sí. Ello, responde con la naturaleza específica de los partidos y el corte político-ideológico de sus gobiernos, de sus recursos políticos-institucionales y sus posibilidades políticas de realizar transformaciones a la institucionalidad laboral respecto al pasado reciente, frente al Estado, los empresarios y en particular, en relación a los sindicatos. Esto último, toma particular relevancia, en tanto, son gobiernos con partidos que han contado vínculos orgánicos de larga data con el movimiento sindical, configurando dinámicas y acciones políticas específicas que han servido históricamente, como una de las mejores estrategias políticas de los sindicatos de inclusión y de defensa de los intereses de los trabajadores en el sistema político. Por tanto, la adopción del enfoque desde las relaciones laborales, no sólo nos permite incluir la dimensión política, sino factores constitutivos de los empresarios, del movimiento sindical (densidad, grado de centralización, etc.), como a las capacidades estatales sobre la dinámica del mercado de trabajo, particularmente, en su acción por la integración social de aquellos sectores enfrentados a la informalidad laboral (no registro, precariedad, etc.).Fil: Senatore, Luis. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Vignolo Cabrera, Alejandro Serafín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales; ArgentinaFil: Carracedo, Fabián. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Silverman, Jana. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brasil11° Congreso Nacional de Estudios del Trabajo: El mundo del trabajo en discusión. Avances y temas pendientesBuenos AiresArgentinaAsociación Argentina de Especialistas del Trabaj

Mercado de trabajo, cambio de gobierno y COVID-19 en Uruguay: Un balance preliminar

The article analyzes the conjuncture of the Uruguayan labor market in the context of the government alternance and COVID-19. The first section describes the institutional changes, the evolution of the main labor market indicators and the performance of collective bargaining during 2005-2020. The second section reviews the change in national government that occurred on March 1, 2020 after the assumption of the President of the Republic, Dr. Luis Lacalle Pou. The third section describes the development of the COVID-19 pandemic, the government policies implemented, and the economic and social consequences. In addition, the importance of telework is reflected on. The main argument of the article is that although the sanitary measures were successful, the government's bid to find a market path to the crisis, in a very unfavorable external and internal economic context, is risky and unpredictable. In this context, the increase in poverty, unemployment, the fall in real wages and pensions represent a very important strain to the architecture regulating labor relations implemented in the last fifteen years.O artigo analisa a conjuntura do mercado de trabalho uruguaio no contexto da mudança de governo e do COVID-19. A primeira seção descreve as mudanças institucionais, a evolução dos principais indicadores do mercado de trabalho e a operação de negociação coletiva no período 2005-2020. A segunda seção analisa a mudança no governo nacional que ocorreu em 1º de março de 2020, quando assumiu o novo Presidente da República, Dr. Luis Lacalle Pou. A terceira seção descreve o desenvolvimento da pandemia de COVID-19, as medidas implementadas e as consequências econômicas e sociais. Além disso, se propõe a reflexão sobre a importância do teletrabalho. O principal argumento do artigo é que, embora as medidas sanitárias tenham sido bem-sucedidas, a tentativa do governo de encontrar uma saída de mercado para a crise, em um contexto econômico externo e interno muito desfavorável, é arriscada e imprevisível. Nesse contexto, o aumento da pobreza, o desemprego, a queda dos salários reais e das aposentadorias colocarão em tensão a arquitetura de regulação das relações de trabalho implementada nos últimos quinze anosEl artículo analiza la coyuntura del mercado de trabajo uruguayo en el contexto de cambio de gobierno y COVID-19. En la primera sección se describen los cambios institucionales, la evolución de los principales indicadores del mercado de trabajo y el funcionamiento de la negociación colectiva durante 2005-2020. En la segunda sección se reseña el cambio de gobierno nacional ocurrido el 1° de marzo de 2020 tras la asunción del presidente de la República, Dr. Luis Lacalle Pou. En la tercera sección se describe el desarrollo de la pandemia de COVID-19, las medidas implementadas y las consecuencias económicas y sociales. Además, se reflexiona sobre la importancia del teletrabajo. El principal argumento del artículo es que si bien las medidas sanitarias fueron exitosas, la apuesta del gobierno de buscar una salida de mercado a la crisis, en un contexto económico externo e interno muy desfavorable, resulta arriesgada e imprevisible. En ese marco, el aumento de la pobreza, el desempleo, la caída del salario real y de las jubilaciones pondrán en tensión la arquitectura de regulación de relaciones laborales implementadas en los últimos quince años

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and Pi*S and Pi*Z SERPINA1 variants are associated with asthma exacerbations

Introduction and objectives: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Asthma patients may experience potentially life-threatening episodic flare-ups, known as exacerbations, which may significantly contribute to the asthma burden. The Pi*S and Pi*Z variants of the SERPINA1 gene, which usually involve alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, had previously been associated with asthma. The link between AAT deficiency and asthma might be represented by the elastase/antielastase imbalance. However, their role in asthma exacerbations remains unknown. Our objective was to assess whether SERPINA1 genetic variants and reduced AAT protein levels are associated with asthma exacerbations. Materials and methods: In the discovery analysis, SERPINA1 Pi*S and Pi*Z variants and serum AAT levels were analyzed in 369 subjects from La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). As replication, genomic data from two studies focused on 525 Spaniards and publicly available data from UK Biobank, FinnGen, and GWAS Catalog (Open Targets Genetics) were analyzed. The associations between SERPINA1 Pi*S and Pi*Z variants and AAT deficiency with asthma exacerbations were analyzed with logistic regression models, including age, sex, and genotype principal components as covariates. Results: In the discovery, a significant association with asthma exacerbations was found for both Pi*S (odds ratio [OR]=2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.40-4.04, p-value=0.001) and Pi*Z (OR=3.49, 95%CI=1.55-7.85, p-value=0.003)Likewise, AAT deficiency was associated with a higher risk for asthma exacerbations (OR=5.18, 95%CI=1.58-16.92, p-value=0.007) as well as AAT protein levels (OR= 0.72, 95%CI=0.57-0.91, p-value=0.005). The Pi*Z association with exacerbations was replicated in samples from Spaniards with two generations of Canary Islander origin (OR=3.79, p-value=0.028), and a significant association with asthma hospitalizations was found in the Finnish population (OR=1.12, p-value=0.007). Conclusions: AAT deficiency could be a potential therapeutic target for asthma exacerbations in specific populations

Development of a panel of genome-wide ancestry informative markers to study admixture throughout the Americas.

Most individuals throughout the Americas are admixed descendants of Native American, European, and African ancestors. Complex historical factors have resulted in varying proportions of ancestral contributions between individuals within and among ethnic groups. We developed a panel of 446 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) optimized to estimate ancestral proportions in individuals and populations throughout Latin America. We used genome-wide data from 953 individuals from diverse African, European, and Native American populations to select AIMs optimized for each of the three main continental populations that form the basis of modern Latin American populations. We selected markers on the basis of locus-specific branch length to be informative, well distributed throughout the genome, capable of being genotyped on widely available commercial platforms, and applicable throughout the Americas by minimizing within-continent heterogeneity. We then validated the panel in samples from four admixed populations by comparing ancestry estimates based on the AIMs panel to estimates based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. The panel provided balanced discriminatory power among the three ancestral populations and accurate estimates of individual ancestry proportions (R² > 0.9 for ancestral components with significant between-subject variance). Finally, we genotyped samples from 18 populations from Latin America using the AIMs panel and estimated variability in ancestry within and between these populations. This panel and its reference genotype information will be useful resources to explore population history of admixture in Latin America and to correct for the potential effects of population stratification in admixed samples in the region