Changements de pratiques dans les produits cosmétiques des lanceurs d'alerte aux impacts sur le milieu aquatique

International audiencePrésentation du projet Cosmet'ea

Heterozygous Variants in KMT2E Cause a Spectrum of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy.

We delineate a KMT2E-related neurodevelopmental disorder on the basis of 38 individuals in 36 families. This study includes 31 distinct heterozygous variants in KMT2E (28 ascertained from Matchmaker Exchange and three previously reported), and four individuals with chromosome 7q22.2-22.23 microdeletions encompassing KMT2E (one previously reported). Almost all variants occurred de novo, and most were truncating. Most affected individuals with protein-truncating variants presented with mild intellectual disability. One-quarter of individuals met criteria for autism. Additional common features include macrocephaly, hypotonia, functional gastrointestinal abnormalities, and a subtle facial gestalt. Epilepsy was present in about one-fifth of individuals with truncating variants and was responsive to treatment with anti-epileptic medications in almost all. More than 70% of the individuals were male, and expressivity was variable by sex; epilepsy was more common in females and autism more common in males. The four individuals with microdeletions encompassing KMT2E generally presented similarly to those with truncating variants, but the degree of developmental delay was greater. The group of four individuals with missense variants in KMT2E presented with the most severe developmental delays. Epilepsy was present in all individuals with missense variants, often manifesting as treatment-resistant infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Microcephaly was also common in this group. Haploinsufficiency versus gain-of-function or dominant-negative effects specific to these missense variants in KMT2E might explain this divergence in phenotype, but requires independent validation. Disruptive variants in KMT2E are an under-recognized cause of neurodevelopmental abnormalities

Druides et druidesses, le pouvoir impérial et l'intégration des Gaules dans l'Empire romain

International audienceN’est-ce pas une gageure de vouloir traiter des druides et des druidesses dans le cadre de l’intégration des Gaules dans l’Empire romain? Les sources sont peu importantes et elles ont été utilisées avec une orientation historiographique quasi constante, montrant le pouvoir romain pourchassant les prêtres gaulois. Pourtant nous avons des exemples de prêtrises gauloises occupées par des membres des élites sociales ou par des individus plus modestes. Comment pouvons-nous interpréter ce qui a première vue semble contradictoire, un pouvoir puissant hostile à la religion des druides et un affichage public de certaines des charges religieuses en théorie interdites? Il ne nous a pas semblé inutile de reprendre la documentation en étant soucieux du contexte et en suivant l’évolution chronologique. L’époque julio-claudienne, celle de la mise en place des institutions impériales, nous a semblé mériter un examen approfondi avant de nous pencher sur la période des guerres civiles de 68-70 ap. J.-C. et des suites de ces dernières

Financial Instability and International-Lender-of-Last-Resort Theory from the Gold Standard to the Dollar System

International audienceAbstract We identify two approaches to financial crises in the history of political economy, namely, the exogenous approach whereby financial crises are sudden events, and the endogenous approach whereby they arise from a long process. In focusing on the endogenous approach, we study the contributions by Thomas Tooke, Ralph Hawtrey, Hyman Minsky and Charles Kindleberger to the lender-of-last-resort theory, especially in international contexts, under the gold standard and the dollar system. The function of the lender of last resort broadens institutionally (depending on the type of securities and on the institutions issuing or holding them) and internationally (depending on jurisdiction and on the type of institutions ultimately requiring international liquidity)

The Federal Reserve’s Dollar Swap Lines and the European Central Bank during the global financial crisis of 2007–09

International audienceAbstract Although the literature has studied the role of the Federal Reserve as the global lender of last resort in 2007–09, many aspects of the Dollar Swap Lines to the European Central Bank need further exploration. Accordingly, we provide original evidence about the auction operations, allotted amounts and interest rates with regard to the Federal Reserve’s dollar swaps and the European Central Bank’s dollar provision. More specifically, we examine the demand side of the Dollar Swap Lines (whereas the existing literature mentions the supply side only) and we scrutinise the interest rate (whereas the literature concentrates on volumes) set by the Federal Reserve, and also the rate set by the European Central Bank. Our findings cast light on the nature of the relationship between the Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank. Finally, we contribute to the literature on the global lender of last resort by coining the notion of the financial dilemma, under the dollar system within a framework of globalised financial markets

Kindleberger in retrospect: the Federal Reserve’s dollar swap lines and international lender of last resort rules

International audienceAbstract Our paper shows how Charles P. Kindleberger examined the function of the international lender of last resort and anticipated the rules governing the dollar swap line program (with unlimited amounts and at a fixed price) implemented by the Federal Reserve in the aftermath of the failure of Lehman Brothers in September 2008. We systematically explore Kindleberger’s works on the central bank swap agreement in order to discern the theoretical foundations of the international lender of last resort rules he proposed. In this respect, two of his arguments that appear concomitantly must be distinguished. The first concerns the burden that the leadership partly or mostly should shoulder because of the problem of free riding—this is the traditional argument of benevolent leadership. The second argument concerns the efficiency with which the leadership operates as the stabilizer given the international monetary and financial context—this argument of the efficient stabilizer has been far less studied in the literature. We find that the Federal Reserve was not a benevolent monetary institution, but the global financial stabilizer instead—meaning that Kindleberger’s second argument finally prevailed. We conclude by emphasizing how central bankers rediscovered Kindleberger’s contribution to the international lender of last resort function

Contextualization of OODB Schemas in CROME

International audienceView mechanisms, widely used in the relational databases, pose new questions in the object model which captures much more se- mantics. In this paper, we will focus on inheritance and inter-objects relationships, two main semantic aspects of the object model. Like in the relational model, most of the current works about object-oriented views assume a fine granularity of the views. View classes are defined by the application of a query operator to one or two classes of the base schema. View schemas are defined as sets of view classes. These sets are explicitly chosen by the database administrator. We present the solutions produced by the application of our CROME model. In CROME, view classes extend the descriptions of the domain objects supplied by the base schema. The relationships introduced in the base schema are shared and preserved in view schemas. By adapting them locally, each view schema contextualize these relationships. We will show that this contextualization of the base schema gives it generic properties which enforce a stronger coherence of the view schemas

CromeJava : une implémentation du modèle CROME de conception par contextes fonctionnels pour les bases de données à objets en Java.

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