Pensión de alimentos: tendencia europea a las tablas

[EN] The calculation of child maintenance in Spain lacks guidance or criteria to assist in stabilizing the amount to pay. There are other aspects that derivate to take into account when stabilising Child Maintenance, such a "variation measures" which are not regulated by the law, it is therefore necessary in these cases to look into the Spanish Court´s precedents. The recent guidance published by the CGPJ to regulate the quantity of maintenance, would bring a similar system to those currently in place in other European States such as the English system. This systems would be discussed in the content of this article. The approach in other European States is that the final amount is based on theincome of the non-resident parent. Other relevant factors which will be taken into account include the number of children involved and the income of the resident parent. The objective of this article is to examine the proposed law to be implemented in Spain and contrast it with the way the English legal system operates in this respect. This will provide a good base for establishing how to apply the proposed Spanish law in practice. The other aim of the study is to explore the proposed changes in line with the current social climate in Spain and whether the new law will be well adapted as well as identifying whether or not this system has derived from the practices of surrounding countries.[ES] La fijación de la pensión alimenticia en el sistema español carece de unos criterios a los que acudir que garanticen una idea previa de la cuantía final que pudiera ser establecida.A ello debe añadirse que otras vertientes derivadas de la mencionada pensión, como la modificación de medidas, tampoco tienen una regulación exacta, debiendo acudir a criterios jurisprudenciales para entrar a conocer de las mismas.La reciente propuesta por parte del Consejo General del Poder Judicial de unas tablas orientativas a la hora de fijar la mencionada pensión de alimentos, supone una adaptación a otros sistemas europeos, como el inglés, el cual se comentará a lo largo del artículo.En estos ordenamientos se basa la fijación en una proporción de los ingresos del progenitor no custodio, la cual podrá ser modificada, en función del número de hijos, aunque sean posteriores, y la variación objetiva en el nivel de emolumentos.Marín Pedreño, C.; Magán Arcones, J. (2014). Pensión de alimentos: tendencia europea a las tablas. Revista sobre la infancia y la adolescencia. (6):31-37. doi:10.4995/reinad.2014.2065SWORD3137

DNA sequence analysis suggests that cytb-nd1 PCR-RFLP may not be applicable to sandfly species identification throughout the Mediterranean region

Molecular methods are increasingly used for both species identification of sandflies and assessment of their population structure. In general, they are based on DNA sequence analysis of targets previously amplified by PCR. However, this approach requires access to DNA sequence facilities, and in some circumstances, it is time-consuming. Though DNA sequencing provides the most reliable information, other downstream PCR applications are explored to assist in species identification. Thus, it has been recently proposed that the amplification of a DNA region encompassing partially both the cytochrome-B (cytb) and the NADH dehydrogenase 1 (nd1) genes followed by RFLP analysis with the restriction enzyme Ase I allows the rapid identification of the most prevalent species of phlebotomine sandflies in the Mediterranean region. In order to confirm the suitability of this method, we collected, processed, and molecularly analyzed a total of 155 sandflies belonging to four species including Phlebotomus ariasi, P. papatasi, P. perniciosus, and Sergentomyia minuta from different regions in Spain. This data set was completed with DNA sequences available at the GenBank for species prevalent in the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East. Additionally, DNA sequences from 13 different phlebotomine species (P. ariasi, P. balcanicus, P. caucasicus, P. chabaudi, P. chadlii, P. longicuspis, P. neglectus, P. papatasi, P. perfiliewi, P. perniciosus, P. riouxi, P. sergenti, and S. minuta), from 19 countries, were added to the data set. Overall, our molecular data revealed that this PCR-RFLP method does not provide a unique and specific profile for each phlebotomine species tested. Intraspecific variability and similar RFLP patterns were frequently observed among the species tested. Our data suggest that this method may not be applicable throughout the Mediterranean region as previously proposed. Other molecular approaches like DNA barcoding or phylogenetic analyses would allow a more precise molecular species identification.This work was supported in part by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (MPY-1248/12) grant and (PI14CIII/00016) funded by AESI. Ivonne Pamela Llanes-Acevedo was granted a student fellowship by COLCIENCIAS/COLFUTURO.S

Estudio poblacional de la mutación KRAS en pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de páncreas.

El cáncer de páncreas presenta una alta tasa de mortalidad en la población mundial. Se caracteriza por presentar en el 90% de los casos, la presencia de una mutación en la proteína KRAS. En el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis descriptivo y un estudio poblacional de las secuencias de pacientes con carcinoma de páncreas y otro tipo de carcinomas, para valorar las mutaciones que presentan en el exón 2, del codón 12, del cromosoma 12 del gen KRAS. Se realiza un estudio con 95 secuencias de ADN. 26 de estas secuencias pertenecen a carcinoma de páncreas y 69 a otro tipo de carcinomas. Todas las secuencias son descargadas de los bancos de datos genómicos.Los resultados demuestran que las medias de las mutaciones en carcinoma de páncreas son superiores a los carcinomas de otra índole, obteniendo unas diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los pacientes con carcinoma de páncreas a través del tanto por cierto de las mutaciones según su longitud en la secuencia. A través del estudio filogenético, se observan como se agrupan por enfermedades, apreciando la unión entre las muestras pancreáticas sin mutaciones y la dispersión en el árbol de las demás secuencias pancreáticas. Principalmente, se ponen de manifiesto mutaciones de repetición en las muestras pancreáticas, merecedoras de futuros estudios, para poder observar su potencial influencia para desarrollar cáncer pancreático. Se observan resultados de mutaciones de repetición interesantes para estudios posteriores. El estudio de estos cambios genéticos podría ayudar en el diagnóstico temprano, nuevas terapias más efectivas y mejora del pronóstico de los pacientes con carcinoma de páncreas.Pancreas cancer has a high mortality rate among the world population. In 90 % of the cases appears as a consequence of the mutation in the KRAS protein. In this work, a descriptive analysis a population study of the sequences of patients with pancreas carcinomas and other types of carcinomas have been carried out in order to evaluate the mutations that appear in the 2nd exon chromosome´s 12 codon 12 the KRAS gene. A study has been done with of DNA where 26 of these sequences belong to pancreatic carcinoma and 69 belong to other types of carcimomas. All the sequences are discharged from the bank of genomics information. The results show that the averages of the mutations in pancreas carninomas are higher than in other kinds of carcinomas obtaining statistically significant differences The results show that the averages of the mutations in pancreas carninomas are higher than in other kinds of carcinomas obtaining statistically significant differences in patients with pancreatic carcinoma through a percentage of the mutations depending on the length of the sequence. In the phylogenetic study, the mutations are grouped by diseases, appreciating the union between the pancreatic samples without mutations and the dispersion in the tree of the other pancreatic sequences, where there is more diversity in genetic changes. Repetitive mutations are shown mainly in pancreatic samples. These results demonstrate their potential influence to develop pancreatic cancer worthy of further studies. The study of these genetic changes could help in early diagnosis, new more effective therapies and improve the prognosis of patients.El càncer de pàncrees presenta una alta taxa de mortalitat en la població mundial. Es caracteritza per presentar en el 90% dels casos, la presència d'una mutació en la proteïna KRAS. En el present treball es realitza una anàlisi descriptiva i un estudi poblacional de les seqüències de pacients amb carcinoma de pàncrees i un altre tipus de carcinomes, per a valorar les mutacions que presenten en l'exó 2, del codó 12, del cromosoma 12 del gen KRAS. Es realitza un estudi amb 95 seqüències d'ADN. 26 d'aquestes seqüències pertanyen a carcinoma de pàncrees i 69 a un altre tipus de carcinomes. Totes les seqüències són descarregades dels bancs de dades genómicos.Els resultats demostren que les mitjanes de les mutacions en carcinoma de pàncrees són superiors als carcinomes d'una altra índole, obtenint unes diferències estadísticament significatives en els pacients amb carcinoma de pàncrees a través del punt per cert de les mutacions segons la seva longitud en la seqüència. A través de l'estudi filogenètic, s'observen com s'agrupen per malalties, apreciant la unió entre les mostres pancreàtiques sense mutacions i la dispersió en l'arbre de les altres seqüències pancreàtiques. Principalment, es posen de manifest mutacions de repetició en les mostres pancreàtiques, mereixedores de futurs estudis, per a poder observar la seva potencial influència per a desenvolupar càncer pancreàtic. S'observen resultats de mutacions de repetició interessants per a estudis posteriors. L'estudi d'aquests canvis genètics podria ajudar en el diagnòstic primerenc, noves teràpies més efectives i millora del pronòstic dels pacients amb carcinoma de pàncrees

Pensión de alimentos: tendencia europea a las tablas

La fijación de la pensión alimenticia en el sistema español carece de unos criterios a los que acudir que garanticen una idea previa de la cuantía final que pudiera ser establecida.A ello debe añadirse que otras vertientes derivadas de la mencionada pensión, como la modificación de medidas, tampoco tienen una regulación exacta, debiendo acudir a criterios jurisprudenciales para entrar a conocer de las mismas.La reciente propuesta por parte del Consejo General del Poder Judicial de unas tablas orientativas a la hora de fijar la mencionada pensión de alimentos, supone una adaptación a otros sistemas europeos, como el inglés, el cual se comentará a lo largo del artículo.En estos ordenamientos se basa la fijación en una proporción de los ingresos del progenitor no custodio, la cual podrá ser modificada, en función del  número de hijos, aunque sean posteriores, y la variación objetiva en el nivel de emolumentos.The calculation of child maintenance in Spain lacks guidance or criteria to assist in stabilizing the amount to pay.There are other aspects that derivate to take into account when stabilising Child Maintenance, such a "variation measures" which are not regulated by the law, it is therefore necessary in these cases to look into the Spanish Court´s precedents.  The recent guidance published by the CGPJ to regulate the quantity of maintenance, would bring a similar system to those currently in place in other European States such as the English system. This systems would be discussed in the content of this article.The approach in other European States is that the final amount is based on theincome of the non-resident parent. Other relevant factors which will be taken into account include the number of children involved and the income of the resident parent.  The objective of this article is to examine the proposed law to be implemented in Spain and contrast it with the way the English legal system operates in this respect. This will provide a good base for establishing how to apply the proposed Spanish law in practice. The other aim of the study is to explore the proposed changes in line with the current social climate inSpainand whether the new law will be well adapted as well as identifying whether or not this system has derived from the practices of surrounding countries

Validation of rK39 immunochromatographic test and direct agglutination test for the diagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis in Spain

<div><p>Background</p><p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the most severe form of leishmaniasis, is endemic in Europe with Mediterranean countries reporting endemic status alongside a worrying northward spread. Serological diagnosis, including immunochromatographic test based on the recombinant antigen rK39 (rK39-ICT) and a direct agglutination test (DAT) based on the whole parasite antigen, have been validated in regions with high VL burden, such as eastern Africa and the Indian subcontinent. To date, no studies using a large set of patients have performed an assessment of both methods within Europe.</p><p>Methodology/Principal findings</p><p>We selected a range of clinical serum samples from patients with confirmed VL (including HIV co-infection), Chagas disease, malaria, other parasitic infections and negative samples (n = 743; years 2009–2015) to test the performance of rK39-ICT rapid test (Kalazar Detect Rapid Test; InBios International, Inc., USA) and DAT (ITM-DAT/VLG; Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium). An in-house immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), was included for comparison. Estimated sensitivities for rK39-ICT and DAT in HIV-negative VL patients were 83.1% [75.1–91.2] and 84.2% [76.3–92.1], respectively. Sensitivity was reduced to 67.3% [52.7–82.0] for rK39 and increased to 91.3% [82.1–100.0] for DAT in HIV/VL co-infected patients. The in-house IFAT was more sensitive in HIV-negative VL patients, 84.2% [76.3–92.1] than in HIV/VL patients, 79.4% [73.3–96.2]. DAT gave 32 false positives in sera from HIV-negative VL suspects, compared to 0 and 2 for rK39 and IFAT, respectively, but correctly detected more HIV/VL patients (42/46) than rK39 (31/46) and IFAT (39/46).</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>Though rK39-ICT and DAT exhibited acceptable sensitivity and specificity a combination with other tests is required for highly sensitive diagnosis of VL cases in Spain. Important variation in the performance of the tests were seen in patients co-infected with HIV or with other parasitic infections. This study can help inform the choice of serological test to be used when screening or diagnosing VL in a European Mediterranean setting.</p></div

Sub group analysis on HIV status.

<p>Performance of rK39, DAT and IFAT on suspected visceral leishmaniasis samples in Spain, 2010–2014. Sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) with 95% confidence intervals [].</p

Performance of rK39, DAT and IFAT on suspected visceral leishmaniasis samples in Spain, 2009–2015.

<p>Sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) with 95% confidence intervals [].</p

Type and number of samples used in this study and diagnostic outcome from each test assessed.

<p>Type and number of samples used in this study and diagnostic outcome from each test assessed.</p

Timeline and demographics of suspected visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases tested at the WHOCCL-ISCIII, Spain, 2009–2015.

<p>Panel A shows the number of VL cases and non-cases tested by month. Panel B shows the age and sex distribution of suspected VL cases and non-cases. Panel C maps the location of health centres in Spain where VL cases sought diagnosis (circles) and the number of VL cases per health centre (size of circle). Map tiles by Stamen Design, under CC BY 3.0. Data by OpenStreetMap, under ODbL.</p

GRK2 levels in myeloid cells modulate adipose-liver crosstalk in high fat diet-induced obesity

Macrophages are key effector cells in obesity-associated inflammation. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is highly expressed in different immune cell types. Using LysM-GRK2+/− mice, we uncover that a reduction of GRK2 levels in myeloid cells prevents the development of glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia after a high fat diet (HFD) through modulation of the macrophage pro-inflammatory profile. Low levels of myeloid GRK2 confer protection against hepatic insulin resistance, steatosis and inflammation. In adipose tissue, pro-inflammatory cytokines are reduced and insulin signaling is preserved. Macrophages from LysM-GRK2+/− mice secrete less pro-inflammatory cytokines when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and their conditioned media has a reduced pathological influence in cultured adipocytes or naïve bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our data indicate that reducing GRK2 levels in myeloid cells, by attenuating pro-inflammatory features of macrophages, has a relevant impact in adipose-liver crosstalk, thus preventing high fat diet-induced metabolic alterations.We acknowledge support by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO/FEDER), Spain (grant SAF2017-84125-R to FM and CM and SAF2017-82436R to LB); CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV). Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain (grant CB16/11/00278 to F.M., CB16/11/00222 to L.B., and, PI15/01114 to Francisco Tinaones (Universidad De Málaga, Spain), co-funded with European FEDER contribution); European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD) Novo Nordisk Partnership for Diabetes Research in Europe Grant (to F.M.); and Programa de Actividades en Biomedicina de la Comunidad de Madrid-B2017/BMD-3671-INFLAMUNE to FM and MF.. I.M.-I. was supported by the “MS type I” program (CP16/00163). The authors thank the Metagenomic Platform of the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain. We appreciate the help of the CBMSO Facilities, in particular Flow Cytometry, Genomics and Animal Care. We acknowledge Paula Ramos for technical support. We also acknowledge the institutional support to the CBMSO from Fundación Ramón Areces.Peer reviewe