Equipamiento y metodología para la determinación de la vida de materiales para moldes

Dies used in the non ferrous die casting process, have a limited service life due to the damage effect by surface cracking appearance. These cracks are mainly produced by thermal fatigue, which are promoted by a repeated heating and cooling process through working cycles. The existing demand to improve materials to extend the die's service life leads to the development of new equipments to test the material behaviour. INASMET-TECNALIA in collaboration with FEAF (Spanish Federation of the Foundry Associations), has developed a testing machine to evaluate the thermal fatigue behaviour of steels used to manufacture dies. This testing machine is able to test forty samples simultaneously, getting a remarkable advantage in regard to previous developed test equipment. The versatility of heating and cooling system makes possible to test all kind of materials in very different thermal fatigue conditions.Peer reviewe

Recent advances in Pichia pastoris as host for heterologous expression system for lipases : a review

The production of heterologous lipases is one of the most promising strategies to increase the productivity of the bioprocesses and to reduce costs, with the final objective that more industrial lipase applications could be implemented. In this chapter, an overview of the new success in synthetic biology, with traditional molecular genetic techniques and bioprocess engineering in the last 5 years in the cell factory Pichia pastoris, the most promising host system for heterologous lipase production, is presented. The goals get on heterologous Candida antarctica, Rhizopus oryzae, and Candida rugosa lipases, three of the most common lipases used in biocatalysis, are showed. Finally, new cell factories producing heterologous lipases are presented

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Global maps of soil temperature.

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km <sup>2</sup> resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km <sup>2</sup> pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Genetic variability of hepatitis C virus before and after combined therapy of interferon plus ribavirin

We present an analysis of the selective forces acting on two hepatitis C virus genome regions previously postulated to be involved in the viral response to combined antiviral therapy. One includes the three hypervariable regions in the envelope E2 glycoprotein, and the other encompasses the PKR binding domain and the V3 domain in the NS5A region. We used a cohort of 22 non-responder patients to combined therapy (interferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin) for which samples were obtained before initiation of therapy and after 6 or/and 12 months of treatment. A range of 25-100 clones per patient, genome region and time sample were sequenced. These were used to detect general patterns of adaptation, to identify particular adaptation mechanisms and to analyze the patterns of evolutionary change in both genome regions. These analyses failed to detect a common adaptive mechanism for the lack of response to antiviral treatment in these patients. On the contrary, a wide range of situations were observed, from patients showing no positively selected sites to others with many, and with completely different topologies in the reconstructed phylogenetic trees. Altogether, these results suggest that viral strategies to evade selection pressure from the immune system and antiviral therapies do not result from a single mechanism and they are likely based on a range of different alternatives, in which several different changes, or their combination, along the HCV genome confer viruses the ability to overcome strong selective [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Global maps of soil temperature

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world\u27s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications

Growing with mathematics: experiential math workshops for education of pre-school and primary school teachers a teaching guide for professional development and instruction of future teachers

The Erasmus+ ANFoMAM project, "Learning from children to train teachers in the area of mathematics" was born from a meeting between a group of teachers responsible for mathematics subjects in Primary Education degree courses in different universities in France, Italy and Spain. The meeting took place within the Symposium entitled "Beyond numerical literacy" which took place at the 5th International Congress of Education and Development Sciences (Santander, May 2017), in which different experiences that were taking place in initial and continuing education institutions for elementary education teachers were shared. What was observed in these countries is that, in general, participants in primary education degree courses had a poor relationship with mathematics during their student years, often accompanied by feelings of rejection or distress, as well as having acquired a view of mathematics reduced to calculation and mechanical procedures. All the initiatives presented at the Santander Congress pursued the common goal of providing teachers with both a deep understanding of the basic concepts of mathematics and the educational resources necessary for effective teaching in the classroom. The researchers agreed that it was the university that should provide these trainee teachers with new experiences with mathematics, so that they could give children the confidence and enthusiasm to learn. The design and implementation of experiences of this type is the fundamental objective of the ANFoMAM project, which was funded by the Erasmus+ program of Strategic Partnerships in the Higher Education Sector, and in which the following institutions participated: Université de Bordeaux (Institute National Superior of Teachers and Education of the Academy of Bordeaux), in France; Roma Tre University (Department of Education), in Italy; University of Zaragoza and Public University of Navarra, in Spain; Sesdown Association, which is dedicated to research in the education of children with Trisomy 21, also in Spain, and the ToKalon Association, which operates in Italy in the field of continuous training of in-service teachers. This innovative didactic material is a didactic guide for teacher mathematical training, made up of 6 mathematical workshops: 1. Understanding of arithmetic algorithms. 2. Resolution of arithmetic problems. 3. Relationship between arithmetic and geometry. 4. Mental calculation and use of the calculator. 5. History of mathematics and its teaching. 6. Geometry

Anales de Edafología y Agrobiología Tomo 25 Número 1-2

Estudio de los cambios experimentados en el complejo absorbente y en la composición y naturaleza de las sustancias humicas de un suelo de bosque de Quercus ilex, Quercus coccifera y Junyperus thurifera por el cultivo, por F. Velasco y J. M. Albareda .-- Complejos interlaminares de caolinita y haloisita con liuidos polares, por M. Sánchez Camazano y S. González García.-- Sobre la presencia de haloisita en el caolín de Lage, por J. García Vicente, J. J. Alonso Pascual y G. Fernández Arroyo.-- Estudio de la interferencia del BaCl y la Trietanolamina en la determinación del sodio por fotometría de llama en los extractos de los suelos, por C. Abrisqueta y A. Lax.-- Efectos de ja asociación de. cebada y veza sobre el rendimiento de forraje y grano, por G. González, L. Jimeno y· J. M. Lozano.-- Transformaciones experimentadas . en el suelo por la acción del fuego, por G. Plata Astray y F. Guitián Ojea.-- Sustancias aisladas de estaquillas de Ribes rubrum y su acción sobre el crecimiento celular, por E. Vieitez, E. Seoane, M. D. V. Gesto, M. C. Mato, A. Vázquez y A. Carnicer.-- Influencia de las lombrices en la estabilidad de los agregados de un suelo con distintas adiciones de materia orgánica, por B. Murillo.-- Notas. Ordenación del Ministerio de Educación Nacional.-- Unión Internacional de Ciencias Biológicas.-- III Curso del Centre Hortofrutícola del Ebro.-- Invitaciones a profesores extranjeros.--Instituto de Orientación y AsIsténcia Técnica de Levante.—Centros.-- VII Reunión Científica de la Sociedad Española para el Estudio de los Pastos.-- Congresos, reuniones y becas.-- Tribunal.-- Simposio sobre Fotografía aérea.-- Ayudas de investigación concedidas por la Fundación Juan March Convocatoria de premios de la Diputación Provincial de CáceresPeer reviewe