Vaselin som kontroll vid försök med 1 % väteperoxidkräm i färska hudsår på häst

Wounds on horses are common and sometimes difficult to treat. The wounds are often big and could be discovered too late for primary sutures, which have to be applied within 8 hours from time of accident, before bacteria has been able to infiltrate the surrounding tissue. The healing is often complicated by delayed healing and wound infection with consequences like phlegmone, fistulation and proud flesh formation. To avoid these consequences, the traditional practice has been to administer systemic antibiotics alone, systemic antibiotics in combination with topical antibiotics or topical antibiotics alone. Because few antibiotics can be used in horses, is it important to household with the few substances that are available. In veterinary medicine today, the increasing resistance amongst pathogenic microbes such as MRSA presents a growing problem. It is therefore more important than ever to find new strategies for treatment to try to prevent infections. The objective of this exam work was to focus on Vaseline used as placebo in another study that was to exploring both the antibacterial effect and the influence on wound healing by topical treatment with 1 % hydrogen peroxide cream in fresh skin wounds on horses. Vaseline is a common substance used as placebo in clinical trials, but few have studied its effect on secondary wound healing in horses The horses in this study consisted of 10 nonpregnant, female standardbred trotting horses kept under identical housing conditions at the Department of clinical sciences, section of reproduction, SLU, Uppsala. In the clinical trial, three identical wounds were created on each horse. One of the wounds was treated with 1 % hydrogen peroxide cream, one was treated with Vaseline as placebo, and the third wound was left untreated. The healing process was then assessed by clinical, bacteriological, and cytological examinations and were continually digitally photographed followed by objective measuring via the computer program PictZar® under the whole healing process until the wounds were entirely covered with epithelium. The results of this study have shown that Vaseline has no inhibitory effects on bacterial growth. It has also shown that Vaseline doesn´t delay time of healing compared with untreated controls and doesn´t have any other side effects than a slight local hypergranulation. Vaseline can therefore be considered to be a safe choice of placebo in studies of secondary wound healing in horses

Different induction mechanisms of mRNA for inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat smooth muscle cells in culture and in aortic strips

AbstractThe expression of mRNA for the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase, (iNOS), was studied in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, (SMCs) in cell culture and in strips of rat aorta by reverse transcriptase coupled to the polymerase chain reaction. iNOS mRNA expression was weak in cultured SMCs when exposed to either interferon-γ (IFNγ) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but the combination LPS + IFNγ enhanced the expression. In aortic strips LPS alone induced a pronounced expression, with no further increase by IFNγ. Cycloheximide potentiated the expression of iNOS mRNA in SMCs in culture stimulated with LPS + IFNγ but attenuated the response in aortic strips.The results indicate different cellular signaling pathways for the induction of iNOS mRNA by LPS and/or IFNγ, in cultured SMCs and in rat aortic strips

Effect of Comorbidity on Prostate Cancer-Specific Mortality: A Prospective Observational Study.

Purpose To determine the effect of comorbidity on prostate cancer (PCa)-specific mortality across treatment types. Patients and Methods These are the results of a population-based observational study in Sweden from 1998 to 2012 of 118,543 men who were diagnosed with PCa with a median follow-up of 8.3 years (interquartile range, 5.2 to 11.5 years) until death from PCa or other causes. Patients were categorized by patient characteristics (marital status, educational level) and tumor characteristics (serum prostate-specific antigen, tumor grade and clinical stage) and by treatment type (radical prostatectomy, radical radiotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy, and watchful waiting). Data were stratified by Charlson comorbidity index (0, 1, 2, or ≥ 3). Mortality from PCa and other causes and after stabilized inverse probability weighting adjustments for clinical patient and tumor characteristics and treatment type was determined. Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios. Results In the complete unadjusted data set, we observed an effect of increased comorbidity on PCa-specific and other-cause mortality. After adjustments for patient and tumor characteristics, the effect of comorbidity on PCa-specific mortality was lost but maintained for other-cause mortality. After additional adjustment for treatment type, we again failed to observe an effect for comorbidity on PCa-specific mortality, although it was maintained for other-cause mortality. Conclusion This large observational study suggests that comorbidity affects other cause-mortality but not PCa-specific- mortality after accounting for patient and tumor characteristics and treatment type. Regardless of radical treatment type (radical prostatectomy or radical radiotherapy), increasing comorbidity does not seem to significantly affect the risk of dying from PCa. Consequently, differences in oncologic outcomes that were observed in population-based comparative effectiveness studies of PCa treatments may not be a result of the varying distribution of comorbidity among treatment groups

Accuracy in local staging of prostate cancer by adding a three-dimensional T2-weighted sequence with radial reconstructions in magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND: The evidence supporting the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in prostate cancer detection has been established, but its accuracy in local staging is questioned. PURPOSE: To investigate the additional value of multi-planar radial reconstructions of a three-dimensional (3D) T2-weighted (T2W) MRI sequence, intercepting the prostate capsule perpendicularly, for improving local staging of prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Preoperative, bi-parametric prostate MRI examinations in 94 patients operated between June 2014 and January 2015 where retrospectively reviewed by two experienced abdominal radiologists. Each patient was presented in two separate sets including diffusion-weighted imaging, without and with the 3D T2W set that included radial reconstructions. Each set was read at least two months apart. Extraprostatic tumor extension (EPE) was assessed according to a 5-point grading scale. Sensitivity and specificity for EPE was calculated and presented as receiver operating characteristics (ROC) with area under the curve (AUC), using histology from whole-mount prostate specimen as gold standard. Inter-rater agreement was calculated for the two different reading modes using Cohen's kappa. RESULTS: The AUC for detection of EPE for Readers 1 and 2 in the two-dimensional (2D) set was 0.70 and 0.68, respectively, and for the 2D + 3D set 0.62 and 0.65, respectively. Inter-rater agreement (Reader 1 vs. Reader 2) on EPE using Cohen's kappa for the 2D and 2D + 3D set, respectively, was 0.42 and 0.17 (i.e. moderate and poor agreement, respectively). CONCLUSION: The addition of 3D T2W MRI with radial reconstructions did not improve local staging in prostate cancer

Vårt Ljudande Inre – en studie i min musik och dess koppling till minnet

Denna kandidatuppsats handlar om minnet och dess begränsningar. Den ligger till grund för och beskriver mitt upplägg med min examenskonsert. Föreställningen kommer att innehålla element som kan kopplas till minne, tid och medvetande. Utgångspunkten kommer att vara våra begränsningar att uppleva viss typ av musik i sitt originaluppförande. Jag har valt utgångspunkt i dronemusik som jag anser att jag skapar med mina ljudlandskap. Jag vill undersöka om min musik går att registrera i minnet och hur mycket information som faller bort på vägen

The emotional impact of music : an interview study on how music listening can effect young people´s mood

Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur musiklyssning kan påverka ungdomars sinnesstämning och hur ungdomar beskriver sig bli påverkade känslomässigt av att lyssna på musik. Studien är kvalitativ och data samlades in genom intervjuer som genomförts i två olika grupper med tre deltagare i varje grupp. Resultat visar att musiklyssning kan användas till att lindra stress, få lyssnarna att må bra på olika sätt, ge en lugnande effekt och fungera som en tillflyktszon från vardagliga rutiner. Resultatet visar också att olika typer av genrer inom musik har olika effekt på lyssnarna där musik kan ha en lugnande effekt, men även där andra hittar en balans i musik som går i samma tempo som deras stressnivå. Det visar sig även att några lyssnare har utvecklat speciella spellistor med musik som hjälper dem koncentrera sig där musiken är noggrant utvald. Det visar sig också att musik är så pass viktig för deltagarna att de skulle bli galna, få ångest och minskad livslust om musiken försvann ur deras liv

To Grasp the Unexpected : Information Following a Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Defect in the Fetus

The aim was to explore experiences and needs of information following a prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defect, and to assess the quality of publicly available information websites about congenital heart defects. Study I was a qualitative interview study that explored experiences among 11 parents to prenatally diagnosed children. Respondents tried to grasp the facts today while reflecting on the future, and personal contact with medical specialists was valued. The analysis showed that the Web contained an overwhelming amount of information. Study II was a qualitative interview study that explored experiences among 26 females and males 5-15 weeks after a prenatal diagnosis. Respondents hunted for information in a confusing reality, with a need for information about various topics and methods for information delivery. Although high satisfaction with the specialist information was described, the information was considered overwhelming and complex. Supplemental information was sought via the Web. Insufficient information about induced abortions was described. Study III was a quantitative study that explored content and quality of 67 English websites about congenital heart defects. Few websites included information about prenatal aspects, such as pregnancy termination. The overall quality was poor, especially reliability and information about treatment choices. Study IV was a mixed methods study that explored the quality of 10 Swedish websites about congenital heart defects, from the perspectives of 9 assessors with personal experience of a prenatal diagnosis. Quantitative Likert scale assessments were followed by written open-ended questions and focus group discussions. Quantitative assessments represented unfulfilled quality criterion for treatment choices, and partially fulfilled quality criteria for appearance, details, relevance, suitability and overall quality. Websites had significantly different scores for all investigated quality criteria. Various issues were highlighted in the responses to the open-ended questions and during the discussions, including inappropriate advertisements, biased information, poor illustrations, complex language and poor trustworthiness. In conclusion, expectant parents faced with a prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defect in the fetus try to grasp the unexpected, an attempt that involves difficulties in relation to information. These are present during the consultation with health professionals and when searching for web-based information.

Quality of consumer-oriented websites containing information about the second trimester ultrasound examination during pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Providing information about prenatal tests is a clinical challenge and the public frequently accesses the Web to read pregnancy-related information. The overarching aim of this study was to investigate the quality of consumer-oriented websites addressing obstetric ultrasound examination in the second trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: Swedish websites were identified with Google, using 20 search strings and screening 400 hits (n = 71 included websites). Reliability and information about the examination were assessed with the DISCERN instrument, completeness was assessed according to national guidelines, and readability analyzed with the Readability Index. Popularity was determined with the ALEXA tool and search rank was determined according to Google hit lists. RESULTS: The mean total DISCERN score was 29.7/80 (SD 11.4), with > 50% having low quality for 15 of the 16 questions. The mean completeness score was 6.8/24 (SD 4.5). The Readability Index ranged between 22 and 63, with a mean of 42.7 (SD 6.8), indicating difficult readability. Weak and non-significant correlations were observed between ALEXA/search rank and the investigated quality variables, except for search rank and reliability. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of consumer-oriented websites addressing the second trimester ultrasound examination is low. Health professionals need to discuss this with expectant parents considering undergoing the examination. There is a need for efforts that aim to improve the poor quality of online sources in the field of prenatal examinations

Readability of web-based sources about induced abortion : a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: High-quality information is essential if clients who request an abortion are to reach informed decisions and feel prepared for the procedure, but little is known concerning the readability of web-based sources containing such material. The aim was to investigate the readability of web-based information about induced abortion. METHODS: The search engine Google was used to identify web pages about induced abortion, written in the English language. A total of 240 hits were screened and 236 web pages fulfilled the inclusion criteria. After correcting for duplicate hits, 185 web pages were included. The readability of the text-based content of each web page was determined with Flesch Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning Fog Index, Coleman-Liau Index, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, and Flesch Reading Ease. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's test as post hoc analysis. RESULTS: Across all grade level measures, a small minority of the web pages had a readability corresponding to elementary school (n < 3, 1%), while the majority had readability corresponding to senior high school or above (n > 153, 65%). The means of the grade level measures ranged between 10.5 and 13.1, and the mean Flesch Reading Ease score was 45.3 (SD 13.6). Only weak correlations (rho < 0.2) were found between the readability measures and search rank in the hit lists. Consistently, web pages affiliated with health care had the least difficult readability and those affiliated with scientific sources had the most difficult readability. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, web-based information about induced abortions has difficult readability. Incentives are needed to improve the readability of these texts and ensure that clients encounter understandable information so that they may reach informed decisions and feel adequately prepared when requesting an abortion