Dinámica del precio de la leche en las regiones de Colombia: un análisis de series de tiempo

In recent years, through different decrees, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in Colombia has established the formula for settling the milk price paid to the dairy producer. Its implementation has had different effects in the country. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to analyze the behavior of the price of raw milk paid to the producer and the hygienic quality in the dairy market in Colombia. For this purpose, different multivariate time series models, known as Vector Error Correction (VEC), and the construction of Impulse-Response Functions (IRF) of the time series are used. The most relevant results are focused on the behavior of the price growth rate associated with the increase in quality. Finally, a forecast of the payment made to raw milk suppliers is developed, in which a negative trend is observed.En los últimos años, y a través de diferentes decretos, el Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural en Colombia establece la fórmula para liquidar el precio de la leche pagada al productor lácteo. Su implementación ha tenido efectos diferentes en las regiones. Por lo tanto, este trabajo desarrolla como objetivo principal el análisis del comportamiento del precio de la leche pagada al productor y la calidad higiénica en el mercado lácteo. Para tal finalidad, se hace uso de los distintos modelos de series de tiempo multivariados conocidos como los modelos de corrección de error (VEC), así como la construcción de funciones impulso-respuesta (IRF) de las series temporales. Los resultados más relevantes están centrados en el comportamiento de la tasa de crecimiento del precio, asociada con el aumento de la calidad. De igual manera, se desarrolla un pronóstico del pago realizado a los proveedores de leche cruda, en el cual se observa una tendencia negativa

La influencia de los determinantes macroeconómicos en la cartera comercial de crédito de consumo en Colombia (2006-2010)

Este artículo se basa en un análisis comparativo de variables macroeconómicas como lo son el desempleo, el PIB y el IPC en Colombia frente la cartera de crédito comercial de doce bancos representativos en el periodo 2006 a 2010, midiendo la afectación de los aspectos económicos y cómo reflejan o modifican las calificaciones dadas el comportamiento de pago de los individuos, teniendo en cuenta el ámbito de la cartera en Colombia, lo anterior se realiza a través de un panel de datospara el análisis de comportamiento y tendencias del mercado de riesgo de crédito comercial en referencia, a lo cual resultaron siendo positivas las variables macro económicas usadas en el modelo frente al comportamiento de la cartera comercial

A Peculiar Distribution of the Emerging Nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the Canary Islands (Spain): Recent Introduction or Isolation Effect?

Angiostrongylus cantonensis is an emerging zoonotic nematode recognized as the leading cause of eosinophilic meningitis in the word. After its discovery in China, it was recorded in 30 countries worldwide. Recently, it has expanded to new areas such as South America and it has been recently found in the Atlantic island of Tenerife (Canary Islands). In order to characterize the distribution of A. cantonensis in the Canary Islands, the lungs of 1462 rodents were sampled in eight islands of the archipelago over 13 years and were then analyzed for A. cantonensis. Remarkably, the parasite was detected only in Tenerife, in Rattus rattus (19.7%) and Rattus norvegicus (7.14%). They were concretely in the northern part of the island, which had a warmer and more humid climate than the south and main cities. The absence of this nematode in other islands with similar environmental conditions could be explained by an isolation effect or by a recent introduction of the parasite in the islands. Besides, the presence in Tenerife of the most invasive lineage of A. cantonensis reinforced the hypothesis of a recent introduction on this island. This study highlights the need to implement control measures to prevent the expansion to other areas in order to avoid the transmission to humans and other animals

Transactive Response DNA-Binding Protein (TARDBP/TDP-43) Regulates Cell Permissivity to HIV-1 Infection by Acting on HDAC6

The transactive response DNA-binding protein (TARDBP/TDP-43) influences the processing of diverse transcripts, including that of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Here, we assessed TDP-43 activity in terms of regulating CD4+ T-cell permissivity to HIV-1 infection. We observed that overexpression of wt-TDP-43 increased both mRNA and protein levels of HDAC6, resulting in impaired HIV-1 infection independently of the viral envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) tropism. Consistently, using an HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-to-cell fusion model, the overexpression of TDP-43 levels negatively affected viral Env fusion capacity. Silencing of endogenous TDP-43 significantly decreased HDAC6 levels and increased the fusogenic and infection activities of the HIV-1 Env. Using pseudovirus bearing primary viral Envs from HIV-1 individuals, overexpression of wt-TDP-43 strongly reduced the infection activity of Envs from viremic non-progressors (VNP) and rapid progressors (RP) patients down to the levels of the inefficient HIV-1 Envs observed in long-term non-progressor elite controllers (LTNP-EC). On the contrary, silencing endogenous TDP-43 significantly favored the infectivity of primary Envs from VNP and RP individuals, and notably increased the infection of those from LTNP-EC. Taken together, our results indicate that TDP-43 shapes cell permissivity to HIV-1 infection, affecting viral Env fusion and infection capacities by altering the HDAC6 levels and associated tubulin-deacetylase anti-HIV-1 activity.This work is supported by the Spanish AIDS network “Red Temática Cooperativa de Investigación en SIDA” RD12/0017/0002, RD12/0017/0028, RD12/0017/0034, RD16/0025/0011, RDCIII16/0002/0005 and RD16/0025/0041 as part of the Plan Nacional R + D+I and co-funded by the Spanish “Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)-Subdirección General de Evaluación y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)”. J.B. is a researcher from “Fundació Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol” supported by the Health Department of the Catalonian Government/Generalitat de Catalunya and ISCIII grant numbers PI17/01318 and PI20/00093 (to J.B.). Work in CC Lab was supported by grants SAF (2010-17226) and (2016-77894-R) from MINECO (Spain), FIS (PI 13/02269, ISCIII) and PI20/00093. Work in CF Lab was supported by the Cabildo Insular de Tenerife (grants CGIEU0000219140 and “Apuestas científicas del ITER para colaborar en la lucha contra la COVID-19”); the agreement with the Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables (ITER) to strengthen scientific and technological education, training research, development and innovation in Genomics, Personalized Medicine and Biotechnology (grant number OA17/008). A.V.-F.’s Lab is supported by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), RTI2018-093747-B-100 (“Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación”, Spain), “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades” (Spain), ProID2020010093 (“Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información” and European Social Fund), UNLL10-3E-783 (ERDF and “Fundación CajaCanarias”) and “SEGAI-ULL”. S.P-Y is funded by “Fundación Doctor Manuel Morales” (La Palma, Spain) and “Contrato Predoctoral Ministerio-ULL Formación de Doctores” (2019 Program) (“Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades”, Spain). R.C.-R. is funded by RD16/0025/0011 and ProID2020010093 (“Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información” and European Social Fund). J.G.-L. is funded by the “Juan de la Cierva de Incorporación” Spanish Program (IJC2019-038902-I) (“Ayudas Juan de la Cierva de incorporación; Agencia Estatal de Investigación. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación”).S

North African Influences and Potential Bias in Case-Control Association Studies in the Spanish Population

BACKGROUND: Despite the limited genetic heterogeneity of Spanish populations, substantial evidences support that historical African influences have not affected them uniformly. Accounting for such population differences might be essential to reduce spurious results in association studies of genetic factors with disease. Using ancestry informative markers (AIMs), we aimed to measure the African influences in Spanish populations and to explore whether these might introduce statistical bias in population-based association studies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We genotyped 93 AIMs in Spanish (from the Canary Islands and the Iberian Peninsula) and Northwest Africans, and conducted population and individual-based clustering analyses along with reference data from the HapMap, HGDP-CEPH, and other sources. We found significant differences for the Northwest African influence among Spanish populations from as low as ≈ 5% in Spanish from the Iberian Peninsula to as much as ≈ 17% in Canary Islanders, whereas the sub-Saharan African influence was negligible. Strikingly, the Northwest African ancestry showed a wide inter-individual variation in Canary Islanders ranging from 0% to 96%, reflecting the violent way the Islands were conquered and colonized by the Spanish in the XV century. As a consequence, a comparison of allele frequencies between Spanish samples from the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands evidenced an excess of markers with significant differences. However, the inflation of p-values for the differences was adequately controlled by correcting for genetic ancestry estimates derived from a reduced number of AIMs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Although the African influences estimated might be biased due to marker ascertainment, these results confirm that Northwest African genetic footprints are recognizable nowadays in the Spanish populations, particularly in Canary Islanders, and that the uneven African influences existing in these populations might increase the risk for false positives in association studies. Adjusting for population stratification assessed with a few dozen AIMs would be sufficient to control this effect

Cliocanarias III

Este número de Cliocanarias ofrece un conjunto de artículos de investigación y divulgación relativos a muy diversos temas y ámbitos territoriale

Efecto de la Reforma Laboral (Ley 789 de 2002) en la dinámica del empleo industrial

ilustraciones, gráficos, tablasIncluye referencias bibliográficasMagíster en EconomíaMaestrí

La reforma laboral de 2002 y la dinámica del empleo industrial en Colombia

Este artículo analiza el efecto de la reforma laboral plasmada en la Ley 789 de 2002 sobre la dinámica del empleo industrial en Colombia. Las estimaciones para el cálculo de este efecto se realizan a partir de la ecuación empleo-producto. Esta involucra las partes de un modelo estructural de series de tiempo, cuya principal particularidad es la adopción del algoritmo del filtro de Kalman, que permite descompones la evolución del empleo industrial por cheques que suelen se observables (y a veces no) y que cambian a lo largo del tiempo. La metodología empleada es distinta a los enfoques tradicionales, que hacen más énfasis en el largo plazo. Los resultados muestran que el efecto de la Ley 789 sobre la generación del empleo fue poco o nulo, y que el empleo ha estado influenciado principalmente por el comportamiento del producto de las firmas industriales y por el nivel de empleo en el pasado inmediato.gráficas.Incluye referencias bibliográficas (páginas 28-30)

Financial system specialization and private research and development expenditure: research for OECD countries

Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role that different financial sources and financial specialization have on private research and development (R&D) activity in OECD countries. Design/methodology/approach. The authors developed several panel regressions choosing as a final model a two-way random effects regression to understand which funding sources are related to the R&D expenditure, and how financial specialization has links to the private portion of R&D aggregated expenditure. The authors include data from the years 2000 to 2016 for OECD countries. Findings. The results reinforce the critical role that stock markets have in enhancing private R&D and that bond markets have an inverse relationship with private R&D national expenditures. The authors do not find evidence of a link between bank sources and private R&D. Specialized financial systems (banking or market) support innovation in a better way than a mixed arrangement of those two systems. Practical implications. The findings of this study have considerable policy implications. Policymakers need to be aware of these results, given that some variables related to financial markets, seems to boost the inputs for R&D. In the long term, this could be a signal that national and regional systems of innovation need a broad view of the factors hampering scientific activity, and also a signal that there are other ways to impact the results of the complex innovation activity through the development of stronger financial systems backing up national systems of innovation. Originality/value. The authors found that the long discussion about the financial system that a country has to choose to enhance growth with R&D&I may have been misleading the public policy. The findings show that rather than a bank or a stock market financial system, economies looking to boost R&D&I, must specialize in one of the two systems, deepen these and generate the appropriate policies to promote science, technology and innovation using those financial markets

The Impact of Public Spending on Regional Economic Dynamics

<p>The impact that public spending and investment have upon economic growth in the departments of Colombia is examined using the results of national accounts for the years 2000-2011. Figures for departmental production by activity, along with change over the period and information for the gross public capital are brought together to create a statistical model to assess effects. A data panel model is chosen to relate the existing differences between departments and compare the impact of spending and investment between departments using the available information. Results indicate that public spending and investment play an important role in departmental economic dynamic and that its effect is greater in larger and wealthier departments.</p