ETHICS AND HUMANIZATION OF SERVICE IN A PRE-HOSPITAL CARE: WHAT DO YOU THINK HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

Objetivo: Descrever o que pensam os profissionais de saúde do serviço de atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel sobre humanização e a ética no atendimento às vítimas. Metodologia: O método é qualitativo. Estudo é de natureza descritiva exploratória. Foram entrevistados dezessete profissionais do serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência (SAMU) do município de Sete Lagoas. A coleta de dados foi realizada nos meses de maio a julho de 2010, através de uma entrevista não estruturada contemplando a seguinte questão: O que você pensa a respeito da ética e humanização da assistência no serviço de atendimento pré-hospitalar?  Os dados foram analisados e discutidos a luz dao análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Resultado: Emergiram cinco categorias temáticas: 1) trabalho em equipe: aspecto fundamental na abordagem ética e humana do cuidar; 2) respeitar os limites quando não mais existe perspectiva de vida; 3) conciliar o atendimento tecnicista com uma visão humanitária; 4) desafios ao lidar com vítimas agressoras e familiares; 5) necessidade de abrir espaços para refletir a prática do cotidiano laboral. Conclusão: Os dados revelam que o trabalho em equipe é fundamental para o processo de humanização e ética do cuidar, é possível conciliar o lado técnico com o humano, porém esse objetivo às vezes não é alcançado devido certas particularidades do atendimento pré-hospitalar. Os limites de vida nem sempre são respeitados e existem desafios a serem superados em relação às vítimas agressoras e os familiares. Descritores: Atendimento pré-hospitalar, humanização, ética, vítima, cuidado de enfermagem

ETHICS AND HUMANIZATION OF SERVICE IN A PRE-HOSPITAL CARE: WHAT DO YOU THINK HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS

Objetivo: Descrever o que pensam os profissionais de saúde do serviço de atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel sobre humanização e a ética no atendimento às vítimas. Metodologia: O método é qualitativo. Estudo é de natureza descritiva exploratória. Foram entrevistados dezessete profissionais do serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência (SAMU) do município de Sete Lagoas. A coleta de dados foi realizada nos meses de maio a julho de 2010, através de uma entrevista não estruturada contemplando a seguinte questão: O que você pensa a respeito da ética e humanização da assistência no serviço de atendimento pré-hospitalar?  Os dados foram analisados e discutidos a luz dao análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Resultado: Emergiram cinco categorias temáticas: 1) trabalho em equipe: aspecto fundamental na abordagem ética e humana do cuidar; 2) respeitar os limites quando não mais existe perspectiva de vida; 3) conciliar o atendimento tecnicista com uma visão humanitária; 4) desafios ao lidar com vítimas agressoras e familiares; 5) necessidade de abrir espaços para refletir a prática do cotidiano laboral. Conclusão: Os dados revelam que o trabalho em equipe é fundamental para o processo de humanização e ética do cuidar, é possível conciliar o lado técnico com o humano, porém esse objetivo às vezes não é alcançado devido certas particularidades do atendimento pré-hospitalar. Os limites de vida nem sempre são respeitados e existem desafios a serem superados em relação às vítimas agressoras e os familiares. Descritores: Atendimento pré-hospitalar, humanização, ética, vítima, cuidado de enfermagem

Prevalence of smoking and incidence of initiation in the Latin American adult population: the PLATINO study

Background: the PLATINO project was launched in 2002 in order to study the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Latin America. Because smoking is the main risk factor for COPD, detailed data on it were obtained. the aim of this paper was to evaluate the prevalence of smoking and incidence of initiation among middle-aged and older adults (40 years or older). Special emphasis was given to the association between smoking and schooling.Methods: PLATINO is a multicenter study comprising five cross-sectional population-based surveys of approximately 1,000 individuals per site in São Paulo (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Mexico City (Mexico), Montevideo (Uruguay) and Caracas (Venezuela). the outcome variable was smoking status (never, former or current). Current smokers were those who reported to smoke within the previous 30 days. Former smokers were those who reported to quit smoking more than 30 days before the survey. Using information on year of birth and age of smoking onset and quitting, a retrospective cohort analysis was carried out. Smoking prevalence at each period was defined as the number of subjects who started to smoke during the period plus those who were already smokers at the beginning of the period, divided by the total number of subjects. Incidence of smoking initiation was calculated as the number of subjects who started to smoke during the period divided by the number of non-smokers at its beginning. the independent variables included were sex, age and schooling.Results: Non-response rates ranged from 11.1% to 26.8%. the prevalence of smoking ranged from 23.9% (95% CI 21.3; 26.6) in São Paulo to 38.5% (95% CI 35.7; 41.2) in Santiago. Males and middle-aged adults were more likely to smoke in all sites. After adjustment for age, schooling was not associated with smoking. Using retrospective cohort analysis, it was possible to detect that the highest prevalence of smoking is found between 20-29 years, while the highest incidence is found between 10-19 years. Age of smoking onset tended to decline over time among females.Conclusion: the prevalence of smoking varied considerably across sites, but was lower among countries with national anti-smoking campaigns.Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, BrazilUniv Republica, Montevideo, UruguayInst Nacl Enfermedades Resp, Mexico City, DF, MexicoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilPontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, ChileCent Univ Venezuela, Caracas, VenezuelaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Woody vegetation of an abandoned road in the semiarid Chaco forest in relation to the surrounding vegetation matrix and grazing

En un camino abandonado del bosque chaqueño semiárido (Parque Nacional Copo, Argentina), comparamos la comunidad de plantas leñosas en dos sectores: uno de bosque secundario con presencia de ganado vacuno (“Vacas-Bs”), y otro de bosque primario sin presencia de ganado vacuno (“Sin Vacas-Bp”). Para esto, medimos atributos de la vegetación leñosa en parcelas dispuestas al azar en cada sector. La riqueza de especies, la densidad de plantas adultas y el área basal fueron similares en los dos sectores. En las parcelas del sector “Vacas-Bs”, Capparis retusa representó el 34% del área basal total, disminuyendo la equitatividad del ensamble de este sector. El número de ramas por individuo y la densidad de ramas fueron similares en ambos sectores. Achatocarpus praecox, Prosopis sp. y Ximenia americana estuvieron presentes sólo en las parcelas del sector “Vacas-Bs”, mientras que Senna aphylla fue encontrada sólo en las parcelas del sector “Sin Vacas-Bp”, aunque estas diferencias podrían deberse a la variación intrínseca. En el tiempo considerado, no encontramos evidencias marcadas de que la comunidad de plantas leñosas difiera entre sectores con distinta historia de pastoreo y vegetación circundante.In an abandoned road in of the semiarid Chaco forest (Copo National Park, Argentina), we compared the community of woody plant species in two areas: one with livestock, surrounded by secondary forest, and another without livestock, surrounded by primary forest. We measured characteristics of the woody vegetation in nine plots (2 x 100 m) selected randomly in the area with livestock and in six plots in the area without livestock. Considering the same number of samples, species richness was similar in both areas. No significant differences were found in species richness per plot, adult plants density and basal area between the two areas. In the plots with livestock, 34% of the total basal area corresponded to Capparis retusa, decreasing the assembly eveness in this area. The number of branches per individual and the branch density were similar in both areas. Achatocarpus praecox, Prosopis sp. and Ximenia americana were present only in plots with livestock, while Senna aphilla was found only in the plots without livestock, however these differences could be the result of intrinsic variations. The density and basal area per species were not different between areas. In the considered period of time, we did not find evidence of differences in the community of woody plant species related to the different grazing history and the surrounded vegetation matrix.Fil: Tálamo, Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; ArgentinaFil: Trucco Aleman, Carlos Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Provincia de Salta; ArgentinaFil: Caziani, Sandra Monica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentin

Direct vs. indirect facilitation (herbivore-mediated) among woody plants in a semiarid Chaco forest: a spatial association approach

In arid environments, direct facilitation (microhabitat amelioration) and indirect facilitation (‘associational resistance’ via protection from herbivory) among plants of different species may act simultaneously. Little is known about their relative effects. One way to disentangle the effects is by evaluating spatial associations. We examined the relative importance of these two mechanisms of facilitation in the semiarid Chaco vegetation of north-central Argentina, through an eight-way observational study in which we quantified the degree of spatial association between saplings of each of two key tree species, Schinopsis lorentzii (Anacardiaceae) and Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (Apocynaceae), with shrub neighbours either possessing spines or without spines and in both an ungrazed site and a site with a long history of cattle grazing. We analysed data across 400 subparcels at each site with spatial analysis by distance indices. Saplings of both tree species showed positive spatial associations with spiny shrubs in the grazed site but not in the ungrazed site, and never with non-spiny shrubs. This result suggests that spiny shrubs may indeed provide associational resistance for saplings of key tree species in grazed habitats in these dry subtropical forests, that is, that indirect facilitation may predominate over direct facilitation. If confirmed by experimental studies, this result can have implications for the silvopastoral management of rapidly expanding ranches in the semiarid Chaco, where current practice includes the near elimination of native shrubs.Fil: Tálamo, Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del Noroeste Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Barchuk, Alicia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Cardozo, Silvana. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Trucco, Carlos. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Maras, Gustavo. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Trigo, Carolina Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del Noroeste Argentino; Argentin

POLIMORFISMOS DE RECEPTORES SEMEJANTES A TOLL 2 Y 4 EN PACIENTES CON ASMA BRONQUIAL Y ENFERMEDAD PULMONAR OBSTRUCTIVA CRÓNICA (EPOC)

Los receptores semejantes a Toll forman parte del sistema inmune. Algunas mutaciones en estos receptores se han relacionado con el desarrollo de enfermedades como el asma bronquial y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.Se realizó un estudio de casos-controles, en el que se incluyeron 100 pacientes con asma bronquial, 100 pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y 100 controles. A través de la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, se investigó la presencia de polimorfismos en TLR2 (Arg677Trp y Arg753Gln) y TLR4 (Asp299Gly y Thr399Ile) y su asociación con asma y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.Se demostró la presencia de polimorfismos en TLR4 con una frecuencia del 9 % en cada grupo de estudio. No se observó relación alguna entre la presencia de polimorfismos en TLR4 y los índices de gravedad para asma bronquial o enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica.La gravedad de los pacientes con asma y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica no está relacionada con los polimorfismos en TLR 4.ABSTRACT: Toll like receptors are important in the inflammatory immune response. Several mutations of these receptors have been related to the development and chronicity of different inflammatory diseases as bronchial asthma and obstructive pulmonary disease.A case control study was performed, 100 patients with bronchial asthma, 100 obstructive pulmonary disease and 100 controls. Restriction based polymorphism PCR analysis was performed for TLR2 (Arg677Trp and Arg753Gln) and TLR4 (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) genes and its association with asthma and obstructive pulmonary disease was assessed.The frequency of TLR4 polymorphism was 9 % in each group studied (asthma, obstructive pulmonary disease and controls). No association was found among TLR4 polymorphism and stage of disease for asthma or obstructive pulmonary disease.TLR4 polymorphism are not associated with the presence or severity of asthma or obstructive pulmonary disease in the Venezuelan population

Disentangling the effects of shrubs and herbivores on tree regeneration in a dry Chaco forest (Argentina)

Successful persistence of dry forests depends on tree regeneration, which depends on a balance of complex biotic interactions. In particular, the relative importance and interactive effects of shrubs and herbivores on tree regeneration are unclear. In a manipulative study, we investigated if thornless shrubs have a direct net effect, an indirect positive effect mediated by livestock, and/or an indirect negative effect mediated by small vertebrates on tree regeneration of two key species of Chaco forest (Argentina). In a spatial association study, we also explored the existence of net positive interactions from thorny and thornless shrubs. The number of Schinopsis lorentzii seedlings was highest under artificial shade with native herbivores and livestock excluded. Even excluding livestock, no seedlings were found with natural conditions (native herbivores present with natural shade or direct sunlight) at the end of the experiment. Surprisingly, seedling recruitment was not enhanced under thornless shrubs, because there was a complementary positive effect of shade and interference. Moreover, thornless shrubs had neither positive nor negative effects on regeneration of S. lorentzii. Regeneration of Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco was minimal in all treatments. In agreement with the experiment, spatial distributions of saplings of both tree species were independent of thornless shrubs, but positively associated with thorny shrubs. Our results suggest that in general thornless shrubs may have a negligible effect and thorny shrubs a net positive effect on tree regeneration in dry forests. These findings provide a conceptual framework for testing the impact of biotic interactions on seedling recruitment in other dry forests.Fil: Tálamo, Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; ArgentinaFil: Barchuk, Alicia Haydee. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro. Sede Andina; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Trucco Aleman, Carlos Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cardozo, Silvana. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Mohr, Federico. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; Argentin