Strategies for the synthesis of enantiopure compounds focused on organocatalysis

Podeu consultar el llibre complet a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/32393The preparation of enantiomerically pure compounds (EPC) is a continuous social demand due to the clinical advantages that enantiopure drugs offer over the racemic forms. Here, the best well-established synthetic strategies to access to single-enantiomer compounds are briefly described and compared. In particular, the enantioselective catalysis is introduced paying special attention to the organocatalysis, an emerging and fruitful area in the EPCsynthesis. Of particular interest is the use of small organic molecules as catalysts in cascade reactions. Organocascade reactions involve the formation of several chemical bonds and often generate stereogenic centers with excellent stereoselectivity. Such one-pot reactions avoid time-consuming and costly step-bystep processes and are environmentally friendly as they occur in the absence of metals. Additionally, the chemical waste of the organocatytic cascade reactions is drastically reduced since the intermediates are not isolated and purified

Adquisición de datos y control para tomógrafo SPECT de animales de laboratorio

El presente proyecto se enmarca dentro del desarrollo de un prototipo de tomógrafo SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tompography), denominado FSPECT (Fast-SPECT), para pequeños animales de laboratorio. Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el Laboratorio de Imagen Médica del Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (Madrid, España) con la colaboración de la empresa SEDECAL (Madrid, España). El proyecto tiene como objetivo el desarrollo del software de adquisición de datos apropiado para el manejo y control de todos los elementos del prototipo. Su finalidad es que cualquier futuro usuario pueda configurar los parámetros de ejecución del estudio tomográfico deseado, mediante unos determinados argumentos de entrada, para obtener como resultado final los archivos necesarios para la reconstrucción de la imagen SPECT. La memoria se ha estructurado en nueve capítulos. Inicialmente se detallan los objetivos del proyecto y una introducción teórica sobre la medicina nuclear, centrándose en la modalidad de imagen médica SPECT y sus aplicaciones en animales de laboratorio. En los capítulos siguientes se describen las características y los componentes del prototipo FSPECT, y los detalles de implementación del software de adquisición. Para finalizar, se presentan las conclusiones y líneas futuras del proyecto, su presupuesto, el listado de acrónimos empleados en la memoria y un anexo donde se describe el proceso de montaje de las gamma-cámaras utilizadas en este prototipo. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________This work is part of a wider project which aims to develop a small-animal SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography) system named FSPECT (Fast-SPECT). The tasks associated with the work described in this document have been carried out in the Medical Imaging Lab of the Gregorio Marañon Hospital (Madrid, Spain), in collaboration with the company SEDECAL S.A. (Madrid, Spain). The main objective of this project has been the design and development of the low-level acquisition software of the FSPECT system. The functionality of this software is to allow the users to acquire data using the FSPECT in a different set of typical protocols which are specified to the program by using a set of command line arguments. The result of the execution of this software is a set of output files which allows to obtain SPECT images. This document has been structured in 9 chapters: The first one details the main goals of the project and provide a comprehensive explanation about the theoretical concepts that the reader has to know about Nuclear Medicine, and the application of SPECT in small laboratory animals. The next chapters, describe the main components of the FSPECT prototype and how the implemented software is able to manage them to implement the required acquisition protocols. In the last to chapters, some results, conclusions and future lines are presented. In the final part of the document, a chapter detailing the budget of this project has been included together with an appendix explaining the assembly process of the gamma cameras used in the FSPECT system.Ingeniería de Telecomunicació

Construcción y validación de una escala de heurísticos de disponibilidad en conducción bajo alcoholemia en jóvenes conductores

El objetivo del estudio fue obtener las características psicométricas y de unidimensionalidad de una escala que evalúa heurísticos de disponibilidad en situaciones de riesgo vial por el uso de bebidas alcohólicas en una muestra probabilística de adolescentes y jóvenes de la ciudad de Hermosillo, en el estado de Sonora, México. A través del modelo politómico de respuesta graduada (MRG) de la teoría de respuesta al ítem (TRI), la escala arrojó indicadores de ajuste interno y externo adecuados en 19 de los 20 reactivos propuestos, así como niveles de discriminación idóneos. Posteriormente, se identificaron tres factores, los cuales fueron sometidos a pruebas de hipótesis junto a las variables atributivas sexo, edad, y experiencia en accidentes. Finalmente, se sugiere realizar investigaciones futuras con otros constructos, así como ampliar el tamaño de la muestra

Review of the book “Extreme Temperatures and Health: How Heat Waves and Cold Snaps Affect Us”

Not available

Revisão do livro “Temperaturas extremas e saúde. Como nos afetam as ondas de calor e de frio”

Not available.No disponible.Não disponível

New Prognostic Factors in Operated Extracapsular Hip Fractures: Infection and GammaTScore

[EN]There is no universal postoperative classification of extracapsular hip fractures (ECFs). We wondered if infection (according to infection after fracture fixation criteria (IAFF)), immediate partial weight bearing (PWB) and/or the new GammaTScore tool could predict early cut-out. We also examined the correlation between GammaTScore and time to consolidation and studied long-term survival. This was a retrospective cohort study of low-energy complete ECFs operated with Gamma3T nailing in 2014 and fully monitoring, in patients aged over 65. Ten not distally locked cases, one late cut-out, one cut-through, one osteonecrosis and one pseudarthrosis were discarded. Patients were classified into early cut-out (7/204; 3.55%) and no early cut-out (197/204; 96.45%). There was a lower percentage of A2 fractures according to the AO Foundation/Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification (AO/OTA, 1997) in early cut-out. IAFF and only the GammaTScore reduction parameter were different for early cut-out, in opposition to immediate PWB, tip-to-apex distance (TAD) or the Baumgaertner-Fogagnolo classification. GammaTScore inversely correlated with consolidation (p < 0.01). Long-term survival time was not statistically significantly lower in the early cut-out group. Small sample of cases may limit our results. Apart from an important role of IAFF, GammaTScore would be useful for predicting consolidation, avoiding complications and reducing costs. Further studies are needed for reliability

Long-term outcomes of distal locking in extracapsular fractures treated with trochanteric Gamma3 nails

[EN]Background: Few publications have assessed long-term results of distal locking of short endomedullary nails for extracapsular hip fracture. Virtually all of them focus on immediate differences. Criteria for the use of static or dynamic locking are unclear in most nailing systems, and use is advised in unstable fracture patterns or with risk of bell-clapper effect, but often influenced by the “orthopaedic school”. Materials and methods: This is a historical cohort study on patients diagnosed and operated in 2014 and followed up until endpoint, considered as consolidation or major complication, plus evaluation of overall long-term survival. They were categorised as static distal locking (ST) or dynamic distal locking (DN). Both are comparable, except for all stable pre-operative classifications, Fracture Mobility Score (FMS) at discharge, and immediate post-operative loading,all of which were in favour of DN. Results: Consolidation took place in > 95% of patients, with a non-statistically significant delay trend in ST. Less than 6% in both ST and DN had major complications, with no differences. Most cases suffered early cut-out. Significant fracture collapse was the most frequent minor complication. There were more statistically significant minor and total complications in ST. Infection, without differences, can precede cut-out. Lateral thigh pain was similar and could be related to back-out. In DN, 21.1% of cases were truly dynamised. We did not find differences in mobility or in longterm survival. Conclusions: Any type of distal locking seems to be safe for consolidation, despite a slightly longer consolidation time in static locking. Early cut-out was the main complication, while others were very infrequent, which is an advantage over helical blade devices. There was a higher rate of minor and overall mechanical complications in ST, but infection and lateral thigh pain were similar. Most non-traumatic mechanical complications occurred around 5–6 weeks. About one in five of the DN truly dynamised, with all cases occurring before 8 weeks. Mobility until endpoint and overall long-term survival were not influenced by the locking mode used. Level of evidence: Therapeutic study, level 2b

Synthesis, Characterization and HPLC Analysis of the (1 S,2 S,5 R)-Diastereomer and the Enantiomer of the Clinical Candidate AR-15512

Abstract: AR-15512 (formerly known as AVX-012 and WS-12) is a TRPM8 receptor agonist currently in phase 2b clinical trials for the treatment of dry eye. This bioactive compound with menthol-like cooling activity has three stereogenic centers, and its final structure and absolute configuration, (1R,2S,5R), have been previously solved by cryo-electron microscopy. The route of synthesis of AR-15512 has also been reported, revealing that epimerization processes at the C-1 can occur at specific stages of the synthesis. In order to confirm that the desired configuration of AR-15512 does not change throughout the process and to discard the presence of the enantiomer in the final product due to possible contamination of the initial starting material, both the enantiomer of AR-15512 and the diastereomer at the C-1 were synthesized and fully characterized. In addition, the absolute configuration of the (1S,2S,5R)-diastereomer was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis, and new HPLC methods were designed and developed for the identification of the two stereoisomers and their comparison with the clinical candidate AR-15512

Development of a novel magnetic reactor based on nanostructured Fe3O4@PAA as heterogenous Fenton catalyst

With the recent development of nanotechnology, magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) have received increasing attention as potential heterogeneous Fenton catalysts in wastewater treatment applications, as an alternative to the conventional Fenton process using dissolved iron salts. Due to their superparamagnetic properties, Fe3O4 mNPs can be easily recovered and reused by applying a magnetic field. However, Fe3O4 mNPs have a marked tendency to form aggregates in water, leading to a decrease in their catalytic yield. To overcome these limitations, this work explores the catalytic activity of Fe3O4 coated with poly(acrylic acid) (Fe3O4@PAA) as stabilized Fenton heterogeneous nanocatalyst, in the degradation of C.I. Reactive Blue 19 (RB19). To maximize the catalytic potential of Fe3O4@PAA, an experimental design based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been developed to optimize the conditions of the Fenton process in terms of Fe3O4@PAA concentration (100–300 mg L−1) and H2O2 dose (100–400 mg L−1). Based on the results obtained, a novel sequential batch reactor (SBR) coupled to an external magnetic separation system has been developed, guaranteeing the complete retention of the mNPs in the system. This system allows the reuse of Fe3O4@PAA for at least 10 consecutive cycles, with a successful decolorization of RB19 after 4 h of treatmentThis research was supported by two projects granted by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation: MODENA Project CTQ2016-79461-R and CLUSTERCAT Project MAT2015-67458-P, and Fundación Ramon Areces, Spain (Project CIVP18A3940). The authors belong to the Galician Competitive Research Groups ED431C-2017/22 and ED431C-2017/29, programme co-funded by FEDER, CRETUS Strategic Partnership (AGRUP2015/02) and AEMAT (ED431E 2018/08)S

Amyand’s Hernia. Case report and literature review

Las hernias inguinales constituyen una de las entidades más frecuentes en cirugía. La localización de una apendicitis en el seno de una hernia inguinal, se conoce como hernia de Amyand, una patología poco frecuente, en torno al 0,13%, que requiere de un tratamiento quirúrgico urgente. A continuación se presenta el caso de un paciente con una hernia de Amyand, su clínica y diagnóstico con el objetivo de exponer su actitud terapéutica.Inguinal hernias are one of the most frequent pathologies in surgery. The location of an appendicitis in an inguinal hernia is known as Amyand's hernia, a rare condition, around 0.13%, which requires urgent surgical treatment. We present the case of a patient with a hernia of Amyand, the clinic and diagnosis with the aim of exposing his therapeutic attitude