Cloreto de amônio como fonte de nitrogênio em cana-de-açúcar colhida sem queima

The great difficulty of incorporation of N fertilizers into the "green sugarcane" system causes concern and since urea is the most commonly used source, there is the risk of loosing NH3 through volatilization. For this reason, a field experiment was undertaken (in a Hapludox Typic) with the objective of evaluating the agronomic efficiency of ammonium chloride on stubble of the second ratoon (SP89 1115), as well as its residual effect on the subsequent cycle (third ratoon). The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. Treatments consisted of three N rates (60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 N) in the form of NH4Cl, in addition to a control treatment without the addition of N fertilizer. The ratoon cane of the second cutting was harvested in November 2006 and the treatments were applied in December 2006. The second ratoon was harvested mechanically in November 2007 and in December 2007, 450 kg ha-1 of the NPK mixture 20-05-19 was applied, providing 90, 22 and 86 kg ha-1 N, P2O5 and K2O, respectively, for the purpose of evaluating the effect of residual-N from the treatments implanted in December 2006. An increase in the rates of N-NH4Cl had a positive effect on the leaf concentrations of P, Mg and S. Stalk yield (MSS - Mg ha-1 of sugarcane stalks) and sugar (MSH - Mg ha-1 of sucrose) in the November 2006 harvest responded linearly to the increase of N doses in the form of NH4Cl. In relation to the effect of residual-N in the 2007/2008 harvest, it was observed, in general, that the concentrations of macronutrients in the sugarcane leaf +1 were within the range considered adequate in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The residual-N of the NH4Cl doses resulted in a significant reduction in stalk (MSS) and sugar (MSH) production. It may be concluded that the NH4Cl source at a dose of 120 kg ha-1 N in ratoon fertilization of the second cutting was agronomically efficient, presenting, however, less efficiency of residual-N in the subsequent cycle.A maior dificuldade de incorporação dos fertilizantes nitrogenados no sistema de "cana-crua" é preocupante e, uma vez que a ureia é a fonte mais usada, pode-se incorrer em riscos de perdas de NH3 por volatilização. Nesse sentido, foi realizado experimento em campo (Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro distrófico argiloso), com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência agronômica do NH4Cl em soqueira de segunda rebrota (SP89 1115), bem como o seu efeito residual no ciclo subsequente (terceira rebrota). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram de três doses de N (60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 N) na forma de NH4Cl, além do tratamento testemunha sem adição de N-fertilizante. A cana soca de segundo corte foi colhida em novembro de 2006 e, em dezembro de 2006, foram aplicados os tratamentos. A colheita mecanizada da segunda rebrota foi realizada em novembro de 2007 e, em dezembro de 2007, foram aplicados 450 kg ha-1 do formulado 20-05-19, fornecendo 90, 22 e 86 kg ha-1 de N, P2O5 e K2O, respectivamente, visando avaliar o efeito do N-residual dos tratamentos implantados em dezembro de 2006. O aumento nas doses de N- NH4Cl promoveu efeito positivo nas concentrações foliares de P, Mg e S. A produtividade de colmos por hectare (TCH) e açúcar (TPH) na colheita de novembro de 2006 respondeu de forma linear ao incremento das doses de N na forma de NH4Cl. Com relação ao efeito do N-residual na safra 2007/2008, verificou-se, em geral, que as concentrações de macronutrientes na folha +1 de cana-de-açúcar estavam dentro da faixa considerada adequada para o Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O N-residual das doses de NH4Cl resultou em significativa redução na produção de colmos (TCH) e açúcar (TPH). Concluiu-se que a fonte NH4Cl na dose de 120 kg ha-1 de N, em adubação de soqueira de segundo corte, mostrou-se agronomicamente eficiente, apresentando, porém, menor eficiência do N-residual no ciclo subsequente.(CNPq) National Council of Scientific and Technological Developmen

O mito da renovabilidade na expansão da agroindústria sucroenergética

In the context of the expansion of agroindustry sucroenergetica, there is agreat effort of the agroindustry from to relate environmental issues with the activities itself developed, specially the production of ethanol.We observe the formation of a discourse that prioritizes the identification of generation process biofuel as a renewable form of energy production. In contrast to the arguments that emphasizes such renewability or even that identifies in the ethanol of sugar cane the existence of a supposedly clean energy source, we proposed in this article to develop an analysis that reveals this discourse as a myth.Based on an interdisciplinary reflection, we discuss, therefore, some of the territorial impacts resulting from the current ethanol production chain.En el contexto dela expansión del agronegocio sucroenergético, hay un esfuerzo por relacionar las cuestiones ambientales a las actividades desarrolladas, en especial en la producción de etanol. Se observa la formación de un discurso que trata de identificar el proceso de generación de etanol como una forma de producción de energía renovable. En contraste con los argumentos que enfatizan la dicha renovabilidad, o que aún identifica o etanol como una fuente limpia de energia, en este artículo se propone desarrollar un análisis que revela este discurso como un mito. Sobre la base de una reflexión interdisciplinaria, nos proponemos analizar algunos de los impactos territoriales resultantes de la cadena de producción de etanol.No contexto da expansão da agroindústria sucroenergética, verifica-se um esforço do setor por relacionar a temática ambiental às atividades por este desenvolvidas, em especial à produção do etanol. Observa-se a conformação de um discurso que prima pela identificação do processo de geração do agrocombustível enquanto uma forma renovável de produção energética. Em contraposição aos argumentos que ressaltam tal renovabilidade, ou mesmo que identifica no etanol de cana-de-açúcar a existência de uma suposta fonte de energia limpa, propõe-se neste artigo desenvolver uma análise que revela tal discurso enquanto um mito. Baseando-se em uma reflexão interdisciplinar, discutimos, portanto, alguns dos impactos territoriais resultantes da atual cadeia produtiva do etanol

Heparin Administered to Anopheles in Membrane Feeding Assays Blocks Plasmodium Development in the Mosquito

Innovative antimalarial strategies are urgently needed given the alarming evolution of resistance to every single drug developed against Plasmodium parasites. The sulfated glycosaminoglycan heparin has been delivered in membrane feeding assays together with Plasmodium berghei-infected blood to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. The transition between ookinete and oocyst pathogen stages in the mosquito has been studied in vivo through oocyst counting in dissected insect midguts, whereas ookinete interactions with heparin have been followed ex vivo by flow cytometry. Heparin interferes with the parasite's ookinete-oocyst transition by binding ookinetes, but it does not affect fertilization. Hypersulfated heparin is a more efficient blocker of ookinete development than native heparin, significantly reducing the number of oocysts per midgut when offered to mosquitoes at 5 µg/mL in membrane feeding assays. Direct delivery of heparin to mosquitoes might represent a new antimalarial strategy of rapid implementation, since it would not require clinical trials for its immediate deployment

Heparin administered to Anopheles in membrane feeding assays blocks Plasmodium development in the mosquito

Innovative antimalarial strategies are urgently needed given the alarming evolution of resistance to every single drug developed against Plasmodium parasites. The sulfated glycosaminoglycan heparin has been delivered in membrane feeding assays together with Plasmodium berghei-infected blood to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. The transition between ookinete and oocyst pathogen stages in the mosquito has been studied in vivo through oocyst counting in dissected insect midguts, whereas ookinete interactions with heparin have been followed ex vivo by flow cytometry. Heparin interferes with the parasite’s ookinete–oocyst transition by binding ookinetes, but it does not affect fertilization. Hypersulfated heparin is a more efficient blocker of ookinete development than native heparin, significantly reducing the number of oocysts per midgut when offered to mosquitoes at 5 µg/mL in membrane feeding assays. Direct delivery of heparin to mosquitoes might represent a new antimalarial strategy of rapid implementation, since it would not require clinical trials for its immediate deployment.publishersversionpublishe

Equine leukoencephalomalacia: report of five cases

Relatam-se 5 casos de leucoencefalomalécia em equinos associados com a ingestão de milho mofado, ocorridos durante o inverno de 1990, provenientes de 3 propriedades no Estado de São Paulo, nos municípios de Poá, Pirassununga e Santana do Parnaíba. Os animais apresentaram sinais clínicos semelhantes como ataxia, cegueira, disfagia, andar em círculos e convulsões. Ao exame necroscópico, os cérebros encontravam-se congestos, revelando ao corte áreas de cavitação ao nível da substancia branca sub-cortical. O exame histopatológico exibiu lesões ao nível de substancia branca, caracterizadas por necrose de liquefação, hemorragias focais e infiltrados celulares nos espaços de Virchow-Robin, compostos predominantemente porpolimorfonucleares (eosinófilos e neutrófilos), associados a mononucleares. Análises microbiológicas demonstram que Fusarium moniliforme foi o fungo mais freqüente (1.9 x 10 6 UFC/g de alimento).This paper reports the occurrence of 5 cases of Equine Leukoencephalomalacia associated with the ingestion of mouldy corn during the winter of 1990 in three properties of the State of São Paulo, in the municipal districts of Poá, Pirassununga and Santana do Parnaíba. The animals showed in every case the following clinical signs: blindness, ataxia, dysphagya, tendency to circle and convulsions. The necropsy revealed congestion of brain and areas of cavitation within the hemispheres of subcortical white matter. The histopathological examination show edlesions characterized by liquefactive necrosis, multifocal haemorrhages and cellular infiltration, predominantly of polimorphonuclear (neutrophils and eosinophils) associated with mononuclear cells in the white matter. Microbiological analysis showed a mycoflora composed, predominantly, by Fusarium moniliforme (49.4%), followed by genera Aspergillus (25.8%) and Penicillum (24.8%)

Detection dogs fighting transnational narcotraffic: performance and challenges under real customs scenario in Brazil

Narcotic Detection Dogs (NDDs) are essential tools in the fight against drug trafficking, acting with high precision and improving efficiency at border posts. When trained efficiently, these dogs can detect a great variety of compounds, such as cocaine, marijuana and its derivatives, and synthetic drugs, among others. Most of the knowledge on canine detection processes and efficiency has been determined in experimentally controlled conditions, but narcotic seizures detected by dogs in realistic anti-drug operations have not yet been critically determined in a Country with continental dimensions such as Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the data set concerning the performance, operations, efficiency, and success rate of NDDs used by the Brazilian Customs Authority (Aduana) in the fight against drug trafficking. Narcotic seizure rates increased in luggage and packages detected by NDDs working at border crossings from 2010 to 2020, with an estimated value of over US$ 2 billion in losses to the cocaine drug trafficking business. NDD units also increased most narcotic groups seized in the same period. The number of NDDs and anti-drug operations, and Customs Border Post (CBP) influenced the rates of drugs seized. NDDs provided an increase of 3,157 kg/animal of drugs seized for every new dog introduced into the inspection systems

Demanda de tração, mobilização de solo na linha de semeadura e rendimento da soja, em plantio direto

The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between the draft power (FT) in the fertilizer furrow-opener and the volume of mobilized soil in the sowing line as affected by the amount of residues, tractor traffic and furrow-opening working depth, and its influence on soybean agronomic performance. Treatments consisted of six residue dosages (DR), two fertilizer furrow-opener working depths (PT) and two soil traffic conditions – with and without tractor traffic – carried out in a randomized block design, in a split-split-plot scheme. The treatments were applied with or without irrigation under no-tillage on a Rhodic Paleudult soil. The different PT and tractor traffic conditions influenced FT significantly. Regardless of the irrigation conditions, DR treatments did not affect soybean grain yield and shoot dry matter weight. In the absence of irrigation, soybean productivity increased by 180 kg ha-1 when PT was changed from 0,064 to 0,10 m, which indicates fertilizer furrow-opener at greater depths as a viable practice to decrease the effects of drought on crop.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre a força de tração (FT) na haste sulcadora de adubo e o volume de solo mobilizado na linha de semeadura em função da quantidade de resíduos, do tráfego de rodados de trator e da profundidade de sulcamento, e sua influência sobre a performance agronômica da soja. Os tratamentos englobaram seis doses de resíduos culturais (DR), duas profundidades de trabalho das hastes sulcadoras (PT) e duas condições de tráfego – com e sem tráfego de rodados de trator –, em blocos ao acaso e parcelas subsubdivididas. Os tratamentos foram aplicados com e sem irrigação, em Argissolo Vermelho, sob plantio direto. As diferentes PT e condições de tráfego influenciaram significativamente a FT. Independentemente da condição de irrigação, as DR não influenciaram a produtividade de grãos e a massa seca da parte aérea da soja. Sem irrigação, a produtividade da soja aumentou em 180 kg ha-1 quando a PT passou de 0,064 para 0,10 m, o que demonstra que a aplicação do fertilizante a profundidades maiores é uma prática viável para diminuir os efeitos da seca sobre a cultura

Enabling HW-based task scheduling in large multicore architectures

Dynamic Task Scheduling is an enticing programming model aiming to ease the development of parallel programs with intrinsically irregular or data-dependent parallelism. The performance of such solutions relies on the ability of the Task Scheduling HW/SW stack to efficiently evaluate dependencies at runtime and schedule work to available cores. Traditional SW-only systems implicate scheduling overheads of around 30K processor cycles per task, which severely limit the ( core count , task granularity ) combinations that they might adequately handle. Previous work on HW-accelerated Task Scheduling has shown that such systems might support high performance scheduling on processors with up to eight cores, but questions remained regarding the viability of such solutions to support the greater number of cores now frequently found in high-end SMP systems. The present work presents an FPGA-proven, tightly-integrated, Linux-capable, 30-core RISC-V system with hardware accelerated Task Scheduling. We use this implementation to show that HW Task Scheduling can still offer competitive performance at such high core count, and describe how this organization includes hardware and software optimizations that make it even more scalable than previous solutions. Finally, we outline ways in which this architecture could be augmented to overcome inter-core communication bottlenecks, mitigating the cache-degradation effects usually involved in the parallelization of highly optimized serial code.This work is supported by the TEXTAROSSA project G.A. n.956831, as part of the EuroHPC initiative, by the Spanish Government (grants PCI2021-121964, TEXTAROSSA; PDC2022-133323-I00, Multi-Ka; PID2019-107255GB-C21 MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; and CEX2021-001148-S), by Generalitat de Catalunya (2021 SGR 01007), and FAPESP (grant 2019/26702-8).Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version