Monitoração de vibrações de estruturas com o emprego de sensores em fibra óptica

This work deals with the analysis of perspectives of dynamic study in structures using a sensor system based on fibre optic Bragg gratings. The understanding of vibrations in structures enables the development of new materials, and of new design concepts that improves the sizing and security in engineering projects. The vibration measurements are carried out with a fibre optic Bragg grating demodulation system. The system has a low cost and easiness of implementation when compared to other available instruments. The output range signal of the instrument is between 0 V to 5 V, compatible to standard PC interfacing systems. The results show that the system is able to monitor vibrations in different types of materials, such as wood, steel, reinforced concrete and bone. The sensor is compared to commercial sensors (strain gauges and accelerometer). Beyond of civil structure, studies have been carried out to develop a technique, in vitro, to evaluate a new dental implant concept. The modal analysis techniques employed in the characterization of the different structures studied show the necessity of instrumentation able to measure low amplitude signals with high signal noise ratio. These characteristics are considered essential in material degradation studies by modal analysis technique.Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as perspectivas do estudo de vibrações de estruturas, empregando sistemas sensores baseados em redes de Bragg em fibras óticas. O entendimento das vibrações nas estruturas possibilita o estudo de novos materiais e de novos sistemas construtivos que possam otimizar o dimensionamento e a segurança nos projetos de engenharia. Para as medidas de vibração é apresentado um sistema de leitura de redes de Bragg que tem como características o baixo custo e a facilidade de implementação, quando comparado a outros instrumentos. O aparelho pode ser acoplado a sistemas de aquisição comerciais, pois o sinal analógico de saída está condicionado entre 0 V e 5 V. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a capacidade do sistema em monitorar vibrações em diferentes tipos de materiais, tais como: madeira, aço, concreto e osso. Os resultados das medições feitas com modelos de laboratório mostram-se promissores na análise de vibrações em estruturas, quando comparados aos obtidos por sensores comerciais dos tipos, extensômetro elétrico de resistência e acelerômetro. Para além de estruturas civis, foram realizados estudos para o desenvolvimento de uma nova técnica de ensaio, in vitro, para caracterizar um novo conceito de implante dentário. Os resultados de ensaios de vibrações livres foram realizados com uma barra metálica, com vigas de madeira laminada colada, com vigas de concreto e implantes dentários onde as redes de Bragg foram empregadas. Esses resultados demonstram a capacidade do sensor em monitorar os efeitos de degradação das estruturas através de diferentes técnicas de análise modal

Análise biomecânica de um aparelho de fixador externo em um fêmur instrumentado com sensores ópticos

A consolidação de uma fratura tratada cirurgicamente, é influenciada, entre outros fatores, pelas condições mecânicas impostas pelo material de osteossíntese utilizado. Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever com um estudo preliminar sobre a consolidação de fraturas simples na diáfise do fêmur através do estudo mecânico de fixadores externos. Sensores ópticos baseados em redes de Bragg foram utilizados neste trabalho, para instrumentação de um fêmur sintético com fixador externo circular. Os resultados mostram que a instrumentação com os sensores ópticos foi sensível ao valor da carga transferida (sensibilidade variou entre 0,012 µɛ/N e 0,224 µɛ/N) o que permite análise da rigidez do fixador externo e posterior análise biomecânica da consolidação da fratura. Este estudo mostra que é possível a instrumentação de um fixador externo com sensores ópticos durante o tratamento de uma fratura do fêmur para análise do processo de consolidação óssea

A ludicidade no ensino de química: o uso da música como facilitador do processo de ensino-aprendizagem / The playful in chemistry teaching: the use of music as a facilitator of teaching-learning process

Este trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar uma investigação sobre a utilização da música como uma metodologia de ensino-aprendizagem para atrair interesse dos alunos no que diz respeito aos conteúdos de Química. O trabalho foi aplicado aos alunos da 1ª, 2ª e 3ª séries do ensino médio de uma escola pública de Salinas, por meio de um evento intitulado “GINQUÍMICA”, organizado pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação a Docência - PIBID. A aplicação da atividade lúdica no evento promovida para o ensino médio confirma o fato de que as intervenções realizadas de forma dinâmica estimulam o interesse dos alunos em relação à química. Além disso, ações como essa proporcionam uma motivação com relação à formação docente e prática profissional nos futuros docentes, uma vez que podem ser notado que a utilização de metodologias alternativas são ferramentas úteis no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. 

Thermal characteristics analysis of an IGBT using a fiber Bragg grating

This paper proposes a new method to develop a thermal model of an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) employing an optical fiber sensor mounted on the chip structure. Some features of the sensor such as electromagnetic immunity, small size and fast response time, allow the identification of temperature changes generated by the energy loss during device operation through direct measurement. In fact, this measurement method is considered impossible with conventional sensors. The online monitoring of the junction temperature enables identify the thermal characteristics of the IGBT. The results are used to develop an accurate model to simulate the heat generated during the device conduction and switching processes. The model showed a difference of only 0.3% between the measured and simulated results, besides allowing evaluate separately the heat generated by each turn-ON/OFF process

Basin-wide variation in tree hydraulic safety margins predicts the carbon balance of Amazon forests

Funding: Data collection was largely funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) project TREMOR (NE/N004655/1) to D.G., E.G. and O.P., with further funds from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES, finance code 001) to J.V.T. and a University of Leeds Climate Research Bursary Fund to J.V.T. D.G., E.G. and O.P. acknowledge further support from a NERC-funded consortium award (ARBOLES, NE/S011811/1). This paper is an outcome of J.V.T.’s doctoral thesis, which was sponsored by CAPES (GDE 99999.001293/2015-00). J.V.T. was previously supported by the NERC-funded ARBOLES project (NE/S011811/1) and is supported at present by the Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsrådet (grant no. 2019-03758 to R.M.). E.G., O.P. and D.G. acknowledge support from NERC-funded BIORED grant (NE/N012542/1). O.P. acknowledges support from an ERC Advanced Grant and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. R.S.O. was supported by a CNPq productivity scholarship, the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP-Microsoft 11/52072-0) and the US Department of Energy, project GoAmazon (FAPESP 2013/50531-2). M.M. acknowledges support from MINECO FUN2FUN (CGL2013-46808-R) and DRESS (CGL2017-89149-C2-1-R). C.S.-M., F.B.V. and P.R.L.B. were financed by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES, finance code 001). C.S.-M. received a scholarship from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq 140353/2017-8) and CAPES (science without borders 88881.135316/2016-01). Y.M. acknowledges the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and ERC Advanced Investigator Grant (GEM-TRAITS, 321131) for supporting the Global Ecosystems Monitoring (GEM) network (gem.tropicalforests.ox.ac.uk), within which some of the field sites (KEN, TAM and ALP) are nested. The authors thank Brazil–USA Collaborative Research GoAmazon DOE-FAPESP-FAPEAM (FAPESP 2013/50533-5 to L.A.) and National Science Foundation (award DEB-1753973 to L. Alves). They thank Serrapilheira Serra-1709-18983 (to M.H.) and CNPq-PELD/POPA-441443/2016-8 (to L.G.) (P.I. Albertina Lima). They thank all the colleagues and grants mentioned elsewhere [8,36] that established, identified and measured the Amazon forest plots in the RAINFOR network analysed here. The authors particularly thank J. Lyod, S. Almeida, F. Brown, B. Vicenti, N. Silva and L. Alves. This work is an outcome approved Research Project no. 19 from ForestPlots.net, a collaborative initiative developed at the University of Leeds that unites researchers and the monitoring of their permanent plots from the world’s tropical forests [61]. The authros thank A. Levesley, K. Melgaço Ladvocat and G. Pickavance for ForestPlots.net management. They thank Y. Wang and J. Baker, respectively, for their help with the map and with the climatic data. The authors acknowledge the invaluable help of M. Brum for kindly providing the comparison of vulnerability curves based on PAD and on PLC shown in this manuscript. They thank J. Martinez-Vilalta for his comments on an early version of this manuscript. The authors also thank V. Hilares and the Asociación para la Investigación y Desarrollo Integral (AIDER, Puerto Maldonado, Peru); V. Saldaña and Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP) for local field campaign support in Peru; E. Chavez and Noel Kempff Natural History Museum for local field campaign support in Bolivia; ICMBio, INPA/NAPPA/LBA COOMFLONA (Cooperativa mista da Flona Tapajós) and T. I. Bragança-Marituba for the research support.Tropical forests face increasing climate risk1,2, yet our ability to predict their response to climate change is limited by poor understanding of their resistance to water stress. Although xylem embolism resistance thresholds (for example, Ψ50) and hydraulic safety margins (for example, HSM50) are important predictors of drought-induced mortality risk3-5, little is known about how these vary across Earth's largest tropical forest. Here, we present a pan-Amazon, fully standardized hydraulic traits dataset and use it to assess regional variation in drought sensitivity and hydraulic trait ability to predict species distributions and long-term forest biomass accumulation. Parameters Ψ50 and HSM50 vary markedly across the Amazon and are related to average long-term rainfall characteristics. Both Ψ50 and HSM50 influence the biogeographical distribution of Amazon tree species. However, HSM50 was the only significant predictor of observed decadal-scale changes in forest biomass. Old-growth forests with wide HSM50 are gaining more biomass than are low HSM50 forests. We propose that this may be associated with a growth-mortality trade-off whereby trees in forests consisting of fast-growing species take greater hydraulic risks and face greater mortality risk. Moreover, in regions of more pronounced climatic change, we find evidence that forests are losing biomass, suggesting that species in these regions may be operating beyond their hydraulic limits. Continued climate change is likely to further reduce HSM50 in the Amazon6,7, with strong implications for the Amazon carbon sink.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MAim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types