Incapacidad permanente: evolución de los periodos de carencia, genéricos y específicos.

La incapacidad permanente, es una prestación contributiva muy relevante en nuestro sistema de seguridad social. Trato de analizar todos los cambios que le han afectado desde su nacimiento hasta la actualidad debido a las modificaciones normativas y como afectan estos a los posibles beneficiarios

Epigenetic ageing accelerates before antiretroviral therapy and decelerates after viral suppression in people with HIV in Switzerland: a longitudinal study over 17 years.

BACKGROUND Accelerated epigenetic ageing can occur in untreated HIV infection and is partially reversible with effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). We aimed to make a long-term comparison of epigenetic ageing dynamics in people with HIV during untreated HIV infection and during suppressive ART. METHODS In this longitudinal study, conducted over 17 years in HIV outpatient clinics in Switzerland, we applied 5 established epigenetic age estimators (epigenetic clocks) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in Swiss HIV Cohort Study participants before or during suppressive ART. All participants had a longitudinal set of PBMC samples available at four timepoints (T1-T4). T1 and T2 had to be 3 years or longer apart, as did T3 and T4. We assessed epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) and a novel rate of epigenetic ageing. FINDINGS Between March 13, 1990, and Jan 18, 2018, we recruited 81 people with HIV from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. We excluded one participant because a sample did not meet quality checks (transmission error). 52 (65%) of 80 patients were men, 76 (95%) were white, and the median patient age was 43 (IQR 37·5-47) years. Per year of untreated HIV infection (median observation 8·08 years, IQR 4·83-11·09), mean EAA was 0·47 years (95% CI 0·37 to 0·57) for Horvath's clock, 0·43 years (0·3 to 0·57) for Hannum's clock, 0·36 years (0·27 to 0·44) for SkinBlood clock, and 0·69 years (0·51 to 0·86) for PhenoAge. Per year of suppressive ART (median observation 9·8 years, IQR 7·2-11), mean EAA was -0·35 years (95% CI -0·44 to -0·27) for Horvath's clock, -0·39 years (-0·50 to -0·27) for Hannum's clock, -0·26 years (-0·33 to -0·18) for SkinBlood clock, and -0·49 years (-0·64 to -0·35) for PhenoAge. Our findings indicate that people with HIV epigenetically aged by a mean of 1·47 years for Horvath's clock, 1·43 years for Hannum's clock, 1·36 years for SkinBlood clock, and 1·69 years for PhenoAge per year of untreated HIV infection; and 0·65 years for Horvath's clock, 0·61 years for Hannum's clock, 0·74 years for SkinBlood clock, and 0·51 years for PhenoAge, per year of suppressive ART. GrimAge showed some change in the mean EAA during untreated HIV infection (0·10 years, 0·02 to 0·19) and suppressive ART (-0·05 years, -0·12 to 0·02). We obtained very similar results using the rate of epigenetic ageing. Contribution of multiple HIV-related, antiretroviral, and immunological variables, and of a DNA methylation-associated polygenic risk score to EAA was small. INTERPRETATION In a longitudinal study over more than 17 years, epigenetic ageing accelerated during untreated HIV infection and decelerated during suppressive ART, highlighting the importance of limiting the duration of untreated HIV infection. FUNDING Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Swiss National Science Foundation, and Gilead Sciences

Epigenetic ageing accelerates before antiretroviral therapy and decelerates after viral suppression in people with HIV in Switzerland: a longitudinal study over 17 years

BACKGROUND: Accelerated epigenetic ageing can occur in untreated HIV infection and is partially reversible with effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). We aimed to make a long-term comparison of epigenetic ageing dynamics in people with HIV during untreated HIV infection and during suppressive ART. METHODS: In this longitudinal study, conducted over 17 years in HIV outpatient clinics in Switzerland, we applied 5 established epigenetic age estimators (epigenetic clocks) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in Swiss HIV Cohort Study participants before or during suppressive ART. All participants had a longitudinal set of PBMC samples available at four timepoints (T1-T4). T1 and T2 had to be 3 years or longer apart, as did T3 and T4. We assessed epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) and a novel rate of epigenetic ageing. FINDINGS: Between March 13, 1990, and Jan 18, 2018, we recruited 81 people with HIV from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. We excluded one participant because a sample did not meet quality checks (transmission error). 52 (65%) of 80 patients were men, 76 (95%) were white, and the median patient age was 43 (IQR 37·5-47) years. Per year of untreated HIV infection (median observation 8·08 years, IQR 4·83-11·09), mean EAA was 0·47 years (95% CI 0·37 to 0·57) for Horvath's clock, 0·43 years (0·3 to 0·57) for Hannum's clock, 0·36 years (0·27 to 0·44) for SkinBlood clock, and 0·69 years (0·51 to 0·86) for PhenoAge. Per year of suppressive ART (median observation 9·8 years, IQR 7·2-11), mean EAA was -0·35 years (95% CI -0·44 to -0·27) for Horvath's clock, -0·39 years (-0·50 to -0·27) for Hannum's clock, -0·26 years (-0·33 to -0·18) for SkinBlood clock, and -0·49 years (-0·64 to -0·35) for PhenoAge. Our findings indicate that people with HIV epigenetically aged by a mean of 1·47 years for Horvath's clock, 1·43 years for Hannum's clock, 1·36 years for SkinBlood clock, and 1·69 years for PhenoAge per year of untreated HIV infection; and 0·65 years for Horvath's clock, 0·61 years for Hannum's clock, 0·74 years for SkinBlood clock, and 0·51 years for PhenoAge, per year of suppressive ART. GrimAge showed some change in the mean EAA during untreated HIV infection (0·10 years, 0·02 to 0·19) and suppressive ART (-0·05 years, -0·12 to 0·02). We obtained very similar results using the rate of epigenetic ageing. Contribution of multiple HIV-related, antiretroviral, and immunological variables, and of a DNA methylation-associated polygenic risk score to EAA was small. INTERPRETATION: In a longitudinal study over more than 17 years, epigenetic ageing accelerated during untreated HIV infection and decelerated during suppressive ART, highlighting the importance of limiting the duration of untreated HIV infection

El efecto Merlí : televisión y elección de grados universitarios relacionados con la filosofía

Siguiendo una consolidada línea de investigaciones sobre los efectos de la televisión en las decisiones académicas, estudiamos el caso de la serie Merlí y su posible impacto en la adolsecencia y su preferencia hacia los grados de filosofía en Catalunya. Las estadísticas oficiales parecen confirmar el aumento de matrículas y solicitudes en filosofía entre 2015 y 2016, aunque nuestros análisis exploratorios (estudio 1) no permiten atribuir con garantías la causalidad. A la espera de análisis cuantitativos más concluyentes, desarrollamos un abordaje cualitativo complementario (estudio 2), mediante cuestionarios on-line con preguntas abiertas, para conocer la percepción sobre esta cuestión del alumnado de nuevo ingreso en grados de filosofía de las universidades catalanas. Estos estudiantes consideran que Merlí no influyó en su decisión personal al matricularse, pero que sí ha mejorado la valoración social de la filosofía. Discutimos futuras líneas de investigación sobre el posible efecto indirecto de un ambiente más positivo.Following a consolidated research line on the effects of TV on academic choices and aspirations, we study the case of Merlí TV series and its possible impact on the adolescents' preferences for philosophy degrees in Catalonia. Official statistics seem to confirm the increasing number of enrolments and applications in philosophy degrees between 2015 and 2016, although our exploratory analyses (study 1) find it difficult to unequivocally attribute this change to the series. Waiting for more robust quantitative analyses on this issue, we provide a complementary qualitative approach (study 2), through online questionnaires with open questions, to know the perception that the newly admitted students in philosophy degrees in Catalan universities have about this issue. These students consider that Merlí did not influenced their personal decision, but that it has improved the social value of philosophy. We discuss future lines of research on the indirect effects of this more positive environment

El efecto Merlí: Televisión y elección de grados universitarios relacionados con la filosofía

Siguiendo una consolidada línea de investigaciones sobre los efectos de la televisión en las decisiones académicas, estudiamos el caso de la serie Merlí y su posible impacto en la adolsecencia y su preferencia hacia los grados de filosofía en Catalunya. Las estadísticas oficiales parecen confirmar el aumento de matrículas y solicitudes en filosofía entre 2015 y 2016, aunque nuestros análisis exploratorios (estudio 1) no permiten atribuir con garantías la causalidad. A la espera de análisis cuantitativos más concluyentes, desarrollamos un abordaje cualitativo complementario (estudio 2), mediante cuestionarios on-line con preguntas abiertas, para conocer la percepción sobre esta cuestión del alumnado de nuevo ingreso en grados de filosofía de las universidades catalanas. Estos estudiantes consideran que Merlí no influyó en su decisión personal al matricularse, pero que sí ha mejorado la valoración social de la filosofía. Discutimos futuras líneas de investigación sobre el posible efecto indirecto de un ambiente más positivo

Energy Innovations-GHG Emissions Nexus: Fresh Empirical Evidence from OECD Countries

This study explores the impact of improvements in energy research development (ERD) on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions using environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for 28 OECD countries over the period of 1990\textendash2014. In doing so, we have employed a panel data where public budget in energy research development and demonstration (ERD&D) has transformed into a finite inverted V-lag distribution model developed by De Leeuw (1962). This model considers that energy innovation accumulates in time and presents empirical evidence, how energy innovation contributes in reducing energy intensity and environmental pollution as well. Our results indicate that energy innovation measures require lapses of time to reach their full effect i.e. innovation applied to measures for environmental correction does not reach its whole effect immediately, requiring instead a certain amount of time to pass. Innovation policies have recommended for improving environmental quality

Energy innovation and renewable energy consumption in the correction of air pollution levels

This study analyses the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution. Specifically, it investigates the presence of an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in 17 OECD countries over the period of 1990\textendash2012. The results confirm the existence of an N-shaped EKC relationship between income and environmental degradation. The study offers a novel methodological contribution that makes it possible to explain the environmental pollution process through the analysis of low-carbon technologies. This demonstrates how income levels affect energy consumption and how higher energy demand leads to a larger share of fossil sources in the energy mix and, thus, increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The effect on per capita GHG emissions is explored in a model containing a dampening variable that moderates the relationship between energy consumption and income. This empirical evidence helps to explain the interaction between energy regulation, economic growth and carbon emissions. This study also confirms the positive effect that energy innovation process exerts on environmental pollution. Finally, it is noted that renewable energy sources help to improve air quality

Young Spanish People's Gendered Representations of People Working in STEM. A Qualitative Study

The present qualitative study analyzes how a group of young people already involved in STEM fields perceive the prototypical person working in STEM. Gender differences between participants in technological and non-technological STEM fields were analyzed. A total of 27 young people (59.3% women) took part in the interviews (Mean Age = 25.48 years). Of them, 16 participants were working in STEM professions, and 11 were enrolled in the final courses of STEM degrees. The results of the content analysis were examined in light of social role theory and the multidimensional structure of gender stereotypes. Men in these fields were therefore attributed an unappealing and weird physical appearance. Some female participants linked STEM professionals' intellectual abilities to the stereotype that men have higher abilities in these fields. Whereas females attributed effort and perseverance to STEM professionals' intellectual aptitudes, males referred to the development of soft skills. Participants in technological STEM fields connected the stereotype of being a 'weirdo' to a boring job, whereas those in non-technological fields linked it to their unconventional character. Some participants were disappointed by a lack of correspondence between expectations and the actual job STEM professionals do. Moreover, females in technological STEM fields commented on the job's low social impact, while males mentioned low attainment of technical qualifications. Most referents in STEM fields were masculine, some of whom were present in the mass media. The practical implications of the findings are discussed

Gendered Motivations to Pursue Male-Dominated STEM Careers Among Spanish Young People: A Qualitative Study

The present study examined gender differences in the motivations leading young people to pursue highly male-dominated Science, Technology and Mathematics (STEM) degrees and careers. Seventeen young people, either enrolled in university studies or working in the private STEM sector, were interviewed. Drawing on the factors influencing teaching-choice theory, the results suggest certain similarities and differences between male and female participants. Male participants' intrinsic values associated the decision to follow STEM studies with specific objects that had attracted them since childhood, while women's interests revolved around the techniques and processes associated with their specific STEM field. Whereas women emphasized the extent to which their career decisions were based on teachers' encouragement, men emphasized the role of family tradition and mass media. Social utility values associated with the STEM field were important for women, whereas men stressed attainment of personal values. There were no gender differences in the task return-related values associated with choosing an STEM career